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Nos. 16 W. Side Market Sqr. and 49 Roanoke Avenue, 
NORFOLK, VA. 




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VIRGINIAN JOB PRESSES, 
CORNER MAIN AND COMMERCE STREETS, N 

1880. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, 
By Cary W. Jones, Norfolk, Va., 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington 



NOTICE. 



The object of this volume is to give a succinct sketch of Norfolk's 
establishment as a City, with brief allusions to those important events in 
her history which have conspired to render her great as a Southern 
Market and Seaport City ; together with mention of the Principal Trades, 
Manufactures and Avenues of Commerce, which in their reciprocal 
action tend to increase her prosperity and wealth. 

The competition existing to-day between all business centres demands 
that Norfolk, with unequalled natural advantages, should have them pro- 
claimed to the unacquainted, by one whose experience in their midst 
enables him to portray them with reasonable accuracy, certainly to avoid 
superfluous coloring. 

Care has been taken to render the work worthy the perusal of the 
unprejudiced man of business, who looks beyond mere personal ends, 
and appreciates the necessity of fostering every public or private 
enterprise having in view the promotion of the general good. The 
importance of this work is fully appreciated and its shortcomings 
apparent to none so much as to the author, who, unlike others, does not 
crave for it that " generous criticism, " because he does not claim for it 
any literary merit, but designed that it should be a plain exjiose of the 
various trades mentioned ; nor does he lose sight of the fact that a par- 
donable pride in the City's Prosperity and Growth is the most powerful, 
incentive to development and future progress. 

The views presented of streets, wharves, public buildings and business 
houses, will doubtless prove interesting to those who have not witnessed 
the gradual and substantial improvements going on within the City, and 
the advertisements displayed throughout the book should claim the 
attention of all who have or desire business relations with Norfolk. 

With these explanations the work is offered to the merchants in that 
section of country tributary, and which should be tributary to Norfolk 
as a business centre, with the assurance that whatever their vocation, 
they will find the merchants of Norfolk possessed, as a class, of rare 
business acumen, liberality in its broadest sense, and ready at all times 
to extend every possible courtesy to their patrons. 



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NORFOLK. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH. 



ORD BACON in his classification of learning, assigns to History 
& everything that is related immediately to the memory ; "I would 
thus include all the particular facts and events that are known by the 
senses, as distinguished from Philosophy, which is the sum of the general 
and necessary truths that are known by the reason, .and from Poetry 
which treats the realm of the imagination. " In presenting to our 
readers & History of Norfolk, our space will not permit us to use the 
term with the comprehensive definition of Lord Bacon, but simply to 
give a succinct description of its settlement and its advancement in the 
scale of commercial importance from the time of its establishment in 
1682 until the present date, 1880. 

The name of Virginia was given to the Colony of which Norfolk was 
once the principal settlement, and the State of which it is now the principal 
seaport, in honor of Elizabeth, England's Virgin Queen. In 1583, 
Sir Walter Raleigh fitted out an expedition to America, but being pre- 
vented by an accident from making the voyage, he gave the command to 
his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who, having obtained a patent 
from Queen Elizabeth, which authorized him to " explore and appro- 
priate remote and barbarous lands, unoccupied by Christian powers, and 
to hold them as fiefs or estates of the crown, " sailed from Plymouth in 
June, 1583, with five ships, and reached Newfoundland of which he 
took possession in the name of the Queen. 

One of his vessels had turned back when but two days out; another 
was abandoned at Newfoundland, and a third was lost, with nearly 100 
men ; and Sir Humphrey himself, during the voyage home, went down 
in one of the remaining two. Raleigh, however, was not discouraged, 
but obtaining a more extensive patent and the title of "Lord Proprietor " 



6 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



over an extensive region, fitted out two vessels under Philip Amidas and 
Arthur Barlow, who landed in Ocracoke Inlet, on the shore of North 
Carolina, on the 13th day of July, 1584, and returned to England in 
September following with glowing accounts of their discoveries. Then 
it was that Queen Elizabeth, called the newly formed region " Virginia,' > 
and conferred on Raleigh the honor of Knighthood. 

In 1585, Raleigh fitted out a fleet of seven ships, which left the harbor 
of Plymouth on the 9th of April of that year, with one hundred and 
eighty colonists for the coast of Virginia. Sir Richard Grenville was 
commander of the squadron and Ralph Lane accompanied it as Governor 




CITY HALL. 



of the colony, with Amidas as his assistant. Thomas Harriot, an eminent 
mathematician and astronomer, also accompanied the expedition. Gren- 
ville, instead of sailing at once for the colony, cruised among the West 
Indies preying upon the rich Spanish merchantmen, and thus engendered 
among the colonists a spirit ill calculated to educate them for peace- 
ful tillers of the soil, and delayed their arrival on the American coast 
until late in June, when they barely escaped shipwreck on a point of 
land which, from that circumstance, he named Cape Fear. After 
weathering this point, they reached, by sailing up the coast, Ocracoke 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. ( 

Inlet and landed on Eoanoke Island. Harriot had been Raleigh's tutor 
in mathematics, and being deeply interested in the results of the expedi- 
tion, did all he could to restrain the avarice of the colonists, who were 
more anxious to secure gold and plunder than to make a peaceful settle- 
ment of the soil. 

But Harriot could not control the passions of Governor Lane and the 
other colonists, and dissensions arose between them and the natives. Gov. 
Lane, thinking that there was a conspiracy to destroy his colony, invited 




VIEW OF HARBOR.— LOOKING DOWN THE RIVER. 

the King of the natives, Wingina, and his chiefs to a conference. They 
came, without weapons, and at a preconcerted signal Lane and his men fell 
upon them, and murdered them all in cold blood. This made enemies 
of those natives who before were friends, and each party stood on the 
defensive. The English, their supplies exhausted, could only depend 
on the woods and waters for a precarious subsistence, and the arrival 
of Sir Francis Drake with his fleet, who took them back to England, 
was their only deliverance. Sir Francis Drake's ships were scarcely out 



8 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



of sight of the coast, before a vessel with supplies for the colony 
arrived, but finding no one there, it returned to England. Lane and 
his associates having contracted a taste for smoking tobacco, which 
was common among the natives, carried a supply of it to England 
and soon it became so popular that the demand was greater than 
the supply. It is even said that Queen Elizabeth herself became 
enamored of the weed, and that on one occasion, while she was 
smoking, Raleigh made her a wager that he could tell the 
weight of the smoke that she puifed from her lips in a given time. The 
Queen accepted the wager, Raleigh weighed the tobacco he put into her 
pipe, and after she had smoked it, weighed the ashes and claimed as the 
weight of the smoke the difference between the two. The Queen 
acknowledged that she had lost, but insisted he was the first alchemist 




HYGEIA HOTEL, OLD POINT COMFORT, VA. 

who had turned smoke into gold. A modern chemist would dispute the 
correctness of his test. 

Raleigh was not disheartened by his reverses, but the report of his 
friend Harriot was so satisfactory that, in 1587 he sent out another 
colony under Governor John White, with a squadron of three ships who 
sailed for Chesapeake Bay, where the proprietor intended to locate a set- 
tlement. White reached Roanoke Island and found the fort built by 
Lane destroyed and the huts overgrown with weeds, and inhabited by 
deer. White planted the colony there and returned to England. While 
there Manteo, a friendly native, came with his mother and relatives from 
Croatan Island and invited them to his domain; White took the oppor- 
tunity to baptize Manteo and conferred on him the title of Baron, and 
" Lord of Roanoke, " the first and last peerage ever created on the 
shores of our Republic. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



9 



Shortly after White returned to England. He left as colonists 89 
men, 17 women and 2 children. One of these was his daughter Eleanor, 
who had married Mr. Dare, one of the Governor's assistants. Mrs. Dare 
about a month after her arrival gave birth to the first child of English 
parents born in the New World, and called her name Virginia after the 
Province. Governor White carried back with him a quantity of potato 
plants, aod touching at Ireland left there the germs of what has since 




St. PAUL'S CHURCH, ERECTED IN 1739; 
(From an Address for benefit of Ladies' Parish Aid Society. For sale by B. A. Marsden, Treas'r.) 

become the staple crop of the Emerald Isle. When he reached England 
he found all excitement from the threatened invasion of the Span- 
iards, and it was not until April, 1588, that by great exertion 
Raleigh was able to send White back with two ships loaded with sup- 
plies. Instead of taking a straight course for Virginia, White cruised to 
secure Spanish plunder, and his vessels became so unseaworthy that he 
was compelled to return to England, and it was not until 1590 that, with 
two ships, he reached Roanoke Island to find it deserted. What had 



io 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE": 



become of the colonsits is a mystery to this day. Perhaps, says a writer t 
" The ' Lord of Roanoke ' had taken them to Croatan Island, and twenty 
years after, when Jamestown was settled, Virginia Dare was a fair young 
Indian Queen. Who can tell ? v 

Thus ended Sir Walter Raleigh's fruitless efforts to establish his colony 
of Virginia. He had spent £40,000 and at Queen Elizabeth's death, in 
1603, there was not, so far as known, a single Englishman established 
in America. 

The gifted Raleigh had staked his all, his hopes of advancement and 




MAIN STREET.— LOOKING WEST FROM CHURCH ST. 

emolument, the smiles of his sovereign and success of his life upon this, 
his gigantic effort to gain a footing in the " New World," to be called 
Virginia in honor of his Queen. He failed, and his head was 
the price paid for his service. But the spirit of Raleigh animated others 
of his countrymen, and ten years before his death his scheme for coloniz- 
ing Virginia was accomplished, and a settlement made at Jamestown. 
On the 19th of December, 1606, Captain Christopher Newport, with 
three small vessels and one hundred and five colonists, left England for 
the new world. This was the first colony sent out by the London 
company. They profited by the experience of* former expeditions, and 
selected some score of farmers and mechanics to accompany the expedi- 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



11 



tion. Captain Newport being unacquainted with the direct course, did not 
reach land until April, 1607, and while searching for Roanoke Island 
he encountered a severe storm, which compelled him to take refuge in 
Chesapeake Bay on the 26th of that month. Newport named th« two 
headlands of this noble Bay, capes Charles and Henry, in honor of the 
two sons of his sovereign James I, and from the comfortable harbor he 
found in the vast roadstead which flows into the bay opposite its mouth, 
he named the northern point " Point Comfort." After rounding this 
point he sighted a beautiful river, which in honor of his King he named 




St. MARY'S (CATHOLIC) CHURCH.— HOLT AND CHAPEL STREETS; 

the James. The fleet sailed up the river some distance, and on the 
13th of May selected a site for the colony and began the settlement of 
Jamestown. 

To Captain John Smith the success of this 'settlement is mainly due* 
To his indomitable energy and wise policy the colony was indebted 
for its very existence during the troublous times of its early days, and 
his friendly acts towards the natives served him in the moment of peril 
when he was saved from instant death by Pocahontas. The history 



12 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



of this great man, the noblest type of the earliest settlers, is as familiar 
as household words, and needs no further notice at our hands. 

On the 8th of June, 1680, one hundred and eighty-eight years after 
the discovery of America, and seventy- three after the settlement of 
Jamestown, an Act of Assembly was passed which authorized the purchase 
of fifty acres of land for the town of Norfolk. In 1662, two hundred 
acres of the land now included in the city of Norfolk, belonged to 
Lewis Vandermull, who, that year, sold it to Nicholas Wise, Sr., a 
shipwright. 

The act for the purchase of this land was called, " an Act for co-habi- 
tation and encouragement of trade and manufacture," and instructs that 
the price paid for " the land shalbe tenn thousand pounds of tobacco and 
caske, which sum the owner or owners thereof shalbe and are hereby 




MAIN AND GRANBY STREETS. 

constrained to accept, take, and receive, as free and valueable price for 
the said land forever." This act assigned to any person who would 
build a dwelling and warehouse upon it, half an acre of said land in fee 
simple, on payment to the county of one hundred pounds of tobacco and 
cask, the building to be commenced within three months after assignment. 
The act further required all produce of the colony to be brought to 
the warehouses established, one in each settlement under this act, for 
storage, sale or shipment, and the penalty for failure to comply with this 
act was a forfeiture of the products. The act also provided, that " all 
goods, wares, English servants, negroes, and other slaves and merchan- 
dise whatsoever that shalbe imported into this colony from and after the 
29th of day September, which shalbe in the yeare 1681, shalbe landed on 
shore, bought and sould at such appointed places aforesaid, and at noe 
other place whatsoever, under like penalty and forfeiture thereof." 



ITS PftfNCTDAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



13 



Tobacco sent to these warehouses was exempt from all executions, attach- 
ments, &c. So important was the establishment of trade marts considered, 
that it was further provided that all who would "cohabitt, dwell, and 
exercise their trades within the said appointed place," should be exempt 
from the arrest of their persons or seizure of their property for debts 
previously contracted for five years, from the publication of the act. 

On the 16th of August, 1682, the site of the present city was selected 
in " Lower Norfolk County, on Nicholas Wise, his land on Eastern 
Branch of the Elizabeth River, at the entrance of the branch," and 
purchased from Nicholas Wise, a carpenter of Elizabeth River Parish, and 
son of Nicholas Wise above named. The advantages of the situation had 




S. A. STEVENS'* CO.'S WAEEHOUSE, MAIN AND GRANBY STS. 

attracted so many to the new settlement, that in October, 1705, Norfolk 
was, by act of Assembly > established as a Town. The town of Norfolk- 
continued to flourish until 1736, when by royal charter under date of 
September loth of that year, it was made a Borough. The 
charter defined the duties of the Mayor and other officials, and Samuel 
Boush was appointed Mayor, Sir John Randolph^ Recorder, and George 
Newton, Samuel Boush, Jr., John Hutchings, Robert Tucker, John 
Taylor, Samuel Smith, Jr., James Ivey and Alexander Campbell, were 
named Aldermen. When the Borough was incorporated, its northern 
boundary ran from the cove at Town Bridge, (now the intersection of 
Church and Charlotte streets), in a westerly direction to the river, but 
in 1761 the limits were enlarged by an act of Assembly, so as to include 



14 NOTCFOT.K? AS' A BTJSINKSS CENTRE ; 

4 all the land south of a line running from the head of Newton's creek. 
to the head of Smith's creek." "In 1807 a new survey was ordered, 
and the line between" the heads of the two creeks designated by stone 
landmarks." The "jurisdiction of the city now extends over a space 
of about eight hundred acres; 

On January 20th, -ISSQ; the Virginia Assembly passed an' act granting 
the freeholders of Norfolk tlie " privilege of electing the Mayor of the 
Borough." , i > 



Y'JKW OF HAKBOK, WITH NAVY YAKD A\l> BERKLEY IN T1IK DTST.AJfCK. 

On February 13tb, 1845, by act of Assembly the charter of Norfolk 
was altered and it became a CITY. From this time the commercial 
prosperity of Norfolk dates. ■ , « 

Norfolk, the first city and chief ' seaport of .Tide- Water Virginia, is 
situated on the Elizabeth river just below the. confluence of' the Eastern 
and Southern branches of that i river, in latitude o0° .50' 50".- From 
Norfolk the Elizabeth flo^ws in a broad and deep channel eight miles to 
Hampton Roads, where '. it mingles its; waters with those of ; the N;mse- 
niond and the Jamefe v fetching ttliet.fin'est roadstead on .the. Atlantic Const. 



ITS PRINCIPAL iNHrtjsTRlES AND TRADES-. 



15 



The waters of Hampton Roads connect with those of Chesapeake Bay 
and both reach the Atlantic Ocean through the gateway of the Capes of 
Virginia, Cape Charles and Cape Henry. Within 50 or 60 miles of 
these Capes runs that favored highway of mariners, The Gulf Stream) 
whose friendly current bears the commerce of America to England and 




CUSTOM HOUSE. 

the Continent, with accelerating speed through the rougher waters of the 



ocean. 



The late Commodore Maury, of the Confederate Navy, better known 
to the world as Lieutenant Maury, the greatest of physical geographers 
of the present century, in his Physical Survey of Virginia, has demon- 
strated the commercial advantages of Norfolk with an array of facts and 
figures from which we shall largely quote as indisputably authoritative. 
Referring to the geographical position of this city, he says : 



lb* 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



"Naturally and both in a geographical and military point of view, 
Norfolk with Hampton Roads at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay as its 
lower harbor, and San Francisco inside of the Golden Gate in California, 
occupy — one on the Pacific, the other on the Atlantic — the most important 
maritime positions that lie within the domains of the United States. 
They curtain the entire ocean front of the country East and West. 

Each holds the commanding point on its own side; each has the finest 
harbor on its coast ; and each, with the most convenient ingress and 
egress for ships, is as safe from wind and wave as shelter can make them. 
Nor is access 1o either ever interrupted by the frosts of winter. In the 
harbors of each, there is water and room to berth not only all the sdiips 
of commerce, but the navies of the world also. 




CORNER WATER AND MADISON STREETS. 

Government, appreciating the importance of these two havens of the 
■sea in their military aspects, has designated them as the principal naval 
stations on each coast. 

The Chesapeake Bay is a "king's chamber" in the bosom of Vir- 
ginia which no belligerent may enter with other than good intent. It 
affords the finest harbors on the coast, and, moreover, they are those 
farthest to the north on the Atlantic side of the continent that are never 
obstructed by ice. It is Virginia water, for it passes through her bor- 
ders to the sea, and enters it between her own capes. Just between these 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



17 



capes, and under their shelter, lie Hampton Roads and Lynnhaven Bay 
— the " Spit Head " and the u Downs " of America. 

To the sonth, all the seaport towns as for as the Reefs of Florida, have 
their harbors obstructed by bare over which the larger vessels of com- 
merce can never pass; and the extent of back country, naturally tribu- 
tary to them, is, in comparison with that which is tributary to the sea- 
port towns of Chesapeake Bay, very small It does not extend beyond 
the drainage of these rivers. 




WATER STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM COMMERCE ST, 

The harbors that lie north of the Chesapeake are liable to obstrtie* 
tions by ice every winter, and their approaches are often endangered by 
the fogs which prevail in their offings. 

This noble sheet of water, with its spacious harbors, is large enough to 
accommodate shipping sufficient to afford transportation for all the pro- 
ducts aud merchandise of the West were they a thousand-fold mure 
abundant than they are ; and it is the most convenient point on the 
entire coast for distributing them north and south along the Atlantic 
seaboard, or for sending them to markets beyond the sea. 



4* 



.ximt'ohii as- a~ mists i-:$s centre; 



. As for. back country considered with regard to extent, fertility, and 
material resources, there is no sheet of water in the world that has such 
.sources of "commercial wealth tributary to it as a judicious system of 
mterua] improvement would bring into connection with the Chesapeake 
Bay. | 

Geographically considered, the harbors of Norfolk and Hamptoni 
Roads and Nqw York, occupy most important and commanding positions- 
on the Atlantic coast of the United States. They are more convenient 
to the ocean than Baltimore, Philadelphia and Boston are, because they 
are not so far from the sea. 




QtJIMBY MARKET, CORNER CHURCH \M> QUEES STREETS. 

Depth of water that can be carried out and distance from the sea. 

Distouce from Sea. f »«j>t ii of Water 

Hampton Road* .... 15 miles. 30 feet. 

New York . . ■ . . .30 " 23 " 

Boston . . . . . 100 " 21 " 

Philadelphia ,; . : . . 100 " 2:5 " 

Baltimore . . • . ■ . 1.60 " 16 " 

Between each of the last three and the sea, there is a tedious bay naviga- 
tion, but each of the first two is situated upon a well sheltered harbor 
that opens right out upon the sea with beautiful offings, those of Hamp- 
ton Roads surpassing the other in all HW requirements of navigation 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES ANT) TR'.VDES. 



1$ 



both as to facility of ingress and egress,. certainly of' land fall, depth of 
water, and holding ground. " 

Comparing Norfolk with New York geographically, Com. Maury 
shows that Norfolk; is nearer the central States of 'the Mississippi valley 
than New York. ' This he demonstrates by a map upon which are taken 
two points equidistant from New York and Norfolk — one of these points 
being located on the sea-coast of the Atlantic, the 1 other on the Pacific— 
a line is then drawn between the two. AlL.poi.nls .North of this line, 
are nearer New York, all points South of it nearer Norfolk. It will 
thus be seen that all the great cities of the West, Chicago, St. Louis, 
Cincinnati, Louisville, and the States of Kansas, Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, 




UPSHUR'S GUANO. WORKS, BAIN'S WHARF, PORTSMOUTH. 

Missouri and nearly all Ohio, are geographically nearer to the Capes of 
Virginia than to Sandy Hook. The completion of the James River 
and Kanawha Canal to the Ohio River, would furnish eontinous water 
navigation from IFort Benton at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, 3,100 
miles above the mouth of the Missouri, to Norfolk, a distance of 4,685 
miles, and make tributary to this city the whole of the hydrographic 
basin of the Mississippi north of the mouth of the Ohio. The rapid 
growth of the West, its increasing preponderance in government influ- 
ence- and the demands for cheap transportation of the enormous products 
which already choke the present avenues of commerce between the two 
sections, nuist ere long comp^thc opening of new highways which shall 



'10 



2sOTtF'oLK' AS A HtS SI SflSS CENTRE? 



combine the elements of cheapness and amplitude. All the interior 
west of the Alleghany Mountains and north of Tennessee, is now com- 
mercially tributary to New York, Philadelphia or Baltimore, but the 
time is coming when the necessities of the nation will compel the 
recogition and utilization of the geographical and topographical advan- 
tages of Norfolk. Nature has given as the position and the nation* 
must eventually avail itself of it, 




COMMENCE STREET.-— FROM WATER TO M.UN S1H 

Beginning its existence as a City, as we have said, in 1845, immediate 
prosperity seems to have attended its new state, as shown by the increase 
in the assessed value of Real Estate, the rapid growth of its trade and 
the development of a spirit of enterprise, which soon launched the new 
city into a current of progress. At that time, its only avenue of commu- 
nication with the interior, beside its county roads, were the natural ones 
furnished by the waters tributary to the Chesapeake, and the Dismal 
Swamp Canal, connecting it with the Sounds of North Carolina and the 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



21 



rivers emptying into them. This Canal was opened in the year 1828, 
the United States Govern ment.and the State of Virginia being its largest 
stockholders, and for many years it has poured into the lap of Norfolk a 
large and remunerative trade in lumber and naval stores. Of recent 
years this Canal has been burdened by a large debt, and recently it was 
sold to satisfy the lien of the bondholders, and purchased at a very 
reasonable price by a company oi wealthy citizens of Norfolk and others, 




NORFOLK VIRGINIAN BUILDING.— CORNER MAIN AND COMMERCE STREETS. 

who propose to make all the improvements necessary to its successful 
and profitable working. Running as it does through one of the finest 
lumber regions in the world, and connecting with the Sounds of North 
Carolina, the business that will pass over it must be large and profitable 
to those who purchased it. 

In 1853, the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad was begun, and in 
1859 it was completed to Petersburg, where it met the Southside Road, 



99 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



running - from Petersburg to Lynchburg, and there connecting with the 
Virginia and Tennessee Road to Bristol. These three Roads, before 
the Jate war, were owned by seperate and generally conflicting interests, 
and the consequence was that little more than a way business was done 
by any of them. The termination of the war found them all in a most 
lamentable condition — their treasuries empty, their credit destroyed, their 
bridges, many of them, burned, their rails, in many places, torn up, and 




MAPP & CO.'S STOVE HOUSE.- WATER ST. AND ROANOKE AVE. 



what were not torn up, worn out, and their rolling stock in a most 
delapidated plight. For a year or two after the war they struggled on 
in a lingering attempt, at separate existence, until finally, in an auspicious 
hour for Norfolk, a consolidation of the three Roads was effected, under 
the name of the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, with a charter 
that provided for the extension of the consolidated Road to meet the 
system of Kentucky Roads, and authorized a loan of $15,000,000 to 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTKIES AND TRADES. 



23 



repair and properly equip the whole line. A large part of this loan was 
negotiated in Europe, and the consolidated line was placed in first-class 
condition and supplied with all the necessary rolling stock. The 
consolidation of these Roads, with their terminus at Norfolk, at once 
gave to this City advantages which it never before possessed, and brought 




JAMES REID A CO.'S BAKERY, 87 MAIN STREET. 

us iii direct and unbroken communication with the interior, as far Wes,t 
us Memphis. The Atlantic, Mississippi <fe Ohio lioad now stretches its 
consolidated length of 408 miles from Norfolk, at one end of the State, 
to Bristol, at the other— where it connects with the East Tennessee, 



24 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



Virginia & Georgia Road, to Chattanooga, and there with the Memphis 
& Charleston Road to Memphis, on the Mississippi. Freights between 
Memphis and all points East of it, and this city, are carried both ways 
without breaking bulk, and cars loaded in Memphis with cotton are brought 
through direct to our wharves and their freight delivered to the ship that is 
to carry it to Europe, or other foreign destination. More than that, bills 
of hiding are now delivered in Memphis for cotton coming over this line, 
to Liverpool or other foreign ports. A glance at the map will show that 




CHERRY & CO. 



'S STOVE AND BILLUPS' A(tKICTU,TURAL IMPLEMENT HOUSES, 
WATER ST. ANT) ROANOKE AVE. 

the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Road, with the connections we have 
mentioned, passes through Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and 
Mississippi. But in most of these States this trunk line is intersected by 
other Roads, crossing it North and South and thus forming feeders that 
bring their tribute to swell its transportation. Among others, Ave may 
mention the Cincinnati Southern, which, coming down from Cincinuatti. 
meets it at Chattanooga, and being of the same guage, can deliver its 
freight in cars that will run down over the trunk line to Norfolk with 
bulk unbroken. This line has just been opened, and it furnishes us an 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



25 



all rail connection with Cincinnati and the great cities of the West, 
beyond it Hitherto freights from this direction, to this city, have been 
obliged to break bulk, either at Huntington, on the Chesapeake & Ohio 
Road, or at Baltimore, on the Baltimore •& Ohio Road, At Chattanooga 
we also meet the Nashville, Chattanooga •& St. Louis Railroad, connecting 
us with Nashville and St. Louis, and the Alabama <fc Chattanooga Road, 
running down through Alabama 295 miles, to Meridian, Mississippi, 
and connecting there with the Vicksburg & Meridian Road, running 




FIRE DEPARTMENT, AND BOARD OF WATER COMMISSIONERS' BUILDING 
WILLIAMS AND TALBOT STREETS. 

through the heart of Mississippi to Vicksburg. At Dalton, Georgia, we 
meet the Western & Atlantic Road from Atlanta, Georgia, the great 
Southern Railroad centre, and the Selma, Rome <v Dalton Road, running 
236 miles through Alabama, to Selma and Montgomery. At Decatur, 
Alabama, we cross the Louisville, Nashville & Great Southern Road, 
running from Nashville, Tennessee, to Montgomery, Alabama, 300 miles. 
At Corinth, we intersect the Mobile & Ohio Road, running 250 miles 
due South, through the State of Mississippi, and thence 83 miles to Mobile, 



26 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



Alabama, where it connects with the New Orleans and Mobile Road, to 
New Orleans. At Grand Junction, Tennessee, we connect with the 
Mississippi Central, running south through Holly Springs and Grenada, 
to Jackson, Mississippi, and thence to Vicksburg and New Orleans. 
And at Memphis we strike the Mississippi River, the greatest of all the 
water highways of the country, and there tap the mighty commerce that 
mingles in its volume, the grain of the West and the cotton of the South. 
At Memphis, too, we find the Eastern terminus of the Memphis & Little 
Rock Railroad, stretching out beyond the Mississippi, through the corn 
and cotton fields of Arkansas, to Little Rock, and thence onward, with 




A. WRENN & SON'S CARRIAGE MANUFACTORY, 24 ct 20 WATER STREET. 

its connections, to the Empire State of Texas, producing this year more 
than a million bales of cotton, the greatest part of which, must seek 
ultimate shipment from the Atlantic coast. With such a system of 
connecting Roads, all of which contribute, more or less, to the quota of 
our commerce, it is not strange that the receipts at Norfolk over the 
Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Road have steadily increased year to year, 
until at this date — February 1st, 1880 — the amount of cotton alone, 
received over its rails since September 1st, 1879, loots np to 177,069 
bales, an average of nearly 1,200 bales per day. The Atlantic Missis- 
sippi and Ohio Road with its connections South and West, forms a 
system of transportation known as The Virginia and Tennessee Air 
Line, over which in connection with our coastwise steam lines, immense 
freights are shipped between the Northern Cities ami all points South, 
axid West, via Norfolk. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



27 



In 185] the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad was completed from 
Portsmouth to Weldon, North Carolina. This Road, like all others, 
suffered greatly during the war in the loss of bridges, destruction of 
rails and depreciation of rolling stock; but immediately after the war 
the work of repair and restoration was begun, and it was soon placed in 
complete running order. Forming as it does a connecting link between 
Norfolk and the whole system of Roads throughout the States of the 
South Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, it is one of the main arteries of our trade. 

The Seaboard & Roanoke Road, runs from Portsmouth to Weldon, 
North Carolina, where it connects with the Raleigh and Gaston Road 




EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK.— MAIN STREjET. 

leading to Raleigh, the capital ciiy of North Carolina, where it meets 
with the Raleigh and Augusta Road running to Hamlet. South Carolina, 
and then intersects the Carolina Central Road from Wilmington to 
Charlotte. At Charlotte we find the Atlantic, Tenn. and Ohio, connect- 
ing with the North Carolina Road to Ashville, the Charlotte, Columbia 
and Augusta Road to Columbia and Augusta, and the Atlanta and 
Charlotte Air Line leading to Atlanta, Georgia, and there striking the 
whole system of railroads of Western Georgia, From Atlanta, the 
Atlanta and West Point and Western Alabama Roads extend to Mont- 
gomery, where they connect with the Mobile and Montgomery Road to 
Mobile, and thence via the New Orleans and Mobile Road to New Orleans. 
All these Roads, starting from Norfolk on the Seaboard & Roanoke 



Z8 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

Road, with one or two exceptions, give through bills of lading to Nor- 
folk, and constitute what is known as the "Seaboard Air Line." 

The Seaboard & Roanoke Road also forms the connecting link from 
Norfolk with the Roads composing "The Atlantic Coast Line." This- 
system starting from Norfolk over the Seaboard and Roanoke Road, at 
Weldon takes the Wilmington and Weldon Road to Wilmington, thence 
connecting with the Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta Road t<v 
Columbia, where it meets the Spartansburg and Union Railroad Uv 
Spartansburg ? and the Greenville and Colombia Road to Greenville, with 
branches to Laurens and Blue Ridge, S. C At Florence, on the W. C. cv: 




MARKET SQUARE. LOOKING EAST FROM COR. BANK AND MAIN STS. 

A. Road, it connects with the Cheraw and Darlington Railroad to Cheraw, 
and with the North Carolina Eastern Railroad to Charleston; S. C. ;: 
whence it extends by way of the Savannah and Charleston Road to 
Savannah, and thence via the Atlantic and Gulf Road and the Florida 
Central Road to Jacksonville, Florida. 

The Atlantic Coast Line with its trunk roads, runs the entire length 
of the South Atlantic Coast from Norfolk to Jacksonville, taking in the 
chief seaport cities, (whence its name), and is moreover fed by numerous 
connections with Roads running up through the central and western 
parts of the Carolinas and Georgia. 

At Columbia, S. C, the Atlantic Coast Line meets the Piedmont Air 
Line extending over the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Road to» 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. - 29 

Augusta, aud over the Georgia Road to Atlanta, Macon and Athens. 

It will thus be seen that Norfolk is connected by the most numerous 

and abundant avenues of transportation, with all the South Atlantic and 

Gulf States. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Mississippi, 




HOSPITAL ST. VINCENT De PAUL.-CHURCH AND WOOD STS. 

are reached by various routes that afford the amplest conveniences for 
the carriage of the products of these States, to the best harbor on the 
Atlantic coast. The reader, with the map before him, can well see why 
Norfolk has already attracted to herself a large share of these products, 
and is already the third cotton port of the country. Our receipts of cotton 



30 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



from September 1st, 1879, to February 1st, 1880, were over 424,000 bales. 
Of this amount 199,000 were received via the Seaboard and Roanoke 
Road. 

This great staple, which in past years passed by our door on to Balti- 
more or New York, now finds both its best home market and its most 
convenient place of foreign shipment here. The great increase of cotton 
receipts in this city, gives the gratifying assurance that the planters of a, 
large portion of the South have fixed on Norfolk as the most profitable 
mart for their cotton, and that the future will bring to us still greater and 
more abundant evidence of their confidence. 

But it is not alone as a cotton market and a cotton port that Norfolk 
is rising into eminence. 




■S^Kife^^^^l| 






-- ,■! ci ...^ • -■•'"- 



W" 



OLD DOMINION LACE MF'G CO.'S FACTOBY.— CHESAPEAKE STREET. 

The Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio and Seaboard & Roanoke Roads, 
bring to us from our own State large and most valuable products, which 
are greatly increasing in quantity and value. 

The Peanut Crop of Virginia, grown principally in the counties 
contiguous to these Roads, has increased from year to year until its cul- 
ture has become one of our most productive industries, and this year 
will probably bring to this city for market, one million bushels of 
peanuts. 

From South-West Virginia, we are now receiving for shipment to 
England great numbers of beef cattle. No section of the country can 
raise finer cattle than those of this region, and this business, now in its 
infancy, promises to increase in its magnitude to proportions commensu- 
rate with the demand for American beef that is now being developed 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



31 



not only in England, but all over Europe. The farmers and cattle- 
growers of the Old World, cannot compete, with their high lands and 
scarcity of grazing territory, with those of America; and the day is near 
at hand when England and all the most thickly settled States of Europe, 
will be entirely dependent on this country for meat of all kinds. The 
stock raisers of South-West Virginia, in their magnificent and well 
watered blue grass lands, have an element of wealth that is now but in 
the bud of its development, and that in a few years will yield the most 
magnificent returns. The comparative cheapness of land and labor give 
them great advantage over the cattle breeders of the Eastern and North- 
ern States, while their proximity to market will always enable them 




T. A. WILLIAMS & CO.'S WAREHOUSE.— 2 A- 4 ROANOKE SQR. 

to compete successfully with those of the Western States. For the 
cattle trade of South-West Virginia, Norfolk must be the exclusive 
shipping point to Europe. 

But the Middle and Western counties of the States through which the 
A., M. & O. Road runs, in addition to their agricultural and grazing 
advantages, already well known, possess resources of wealth hidden beneath 
the soil, which are now being dragged to daylight by the hand of science 
and practical industry, and which, in the near luture, will be found to 
equal, if they do not exceed, the mineral riches of any section of this 
country. 

In Tidewater Virginia the chief and most valuable of our deposits is 
Marl. This is found in great quantities and variety convenient to 
railway and river transportation. Its value can be judged from the fact 



32 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

that more than a million tons of marl were used by farmers and truckers 
in New Jersey in the year 1868, and its use increased the value of their 
lands incalculably. All along the line of the A., M. & O. Road, from 
Farmville to Bristol, mineral ores of gold, copper, lead, iron and coal are 
found, the latter two in great variety and abundance. Recently, Northern 
capital has taken hold of the subject of mining in Virginia, and in the 
vicinity of Lynchburg several mines and furnaces have been started by 
men whose experience in other localities enables them to appreciate the 




NORTH SIDE MAIN STREET, FROM BANK TO ATLANTIC STS. 

advantages of the enterprise. Over a million dollars has been invested 
in that vicinity in Iron properties in the last few months. The proximity 
of the coal and iron regions in what is known as the " Great Appalachian 
Coal Field," which is traversed by this Road, in South- West Virginia, 
affords advantages for the smelting and manufacture of iron which are 
unsurpassed in the world. The lead mines of Wythe county have been 
worked many years, and about 30,000,000 pounds have been taken from 
them. During the late war they for a long time furnished the principal 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



33 



supply of that article for the armies of the Confederacy. Zinc ores are 
also found in large quantities in these counties, and at present, shipped 
to other States for smelting. The development of the mineral resources 
of this region must greatly increase their production, and they must 
eventually, either in their crude or manufactured state, come to this 
-city for market or shipment. 

But in addition to these, we have reason to believe that in a short 
time another link in our prosperity will be forged, which will bring 
to this city a current of trade and commerce from the great Central and 
Western States of the Union. 




WRENN. WHITEHURST & CO.^S AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT WAREHOUSE, 
28 AND 30 WATER STREET. 

Tlie Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad was constructed at an enormous 
expenditure of time and money, through the mountains of Virginia. 
After the war Mr. C. P. Huntington, the President of the Central Pacific 
Railroad, purchased the Virginia Central Road and obtained a charter 
from the State authorizing the extension of the Road to the Ohio river. 
In 1873, the Road was finished to Huntington, on that River, and since 
that time has been operated from Richmond to Huntington. The panic 
of 1873, and the general depression which followed, had its effects on the 
new Road, already staggering under the load of debt incurred in its 



34 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



construction and equipment, and in* common with almost every Road in 
the South, it passed into the hands of a Receiver. A short time ago the 
Road was sold under decree of Court and purchased by the bondholders, 
who have reorganized it under the Presidency of Mr. Huntington and a 
Board of Directors, who appreciate the value of their Road and the 
improvements which are required to its full development, At the last 
meeting of the stockholders the management announced that they were 
pushing a connection across the Ohio River, to Lexington, Kentucky, 
there to meet the extensive network of Western Roads, leading to Cin- 




B™™«iMi^MWMB^B^^B^^ BMg ™ 5faa,niga ™^'MB«5!tg 



NORTH SIDE MAIN STREET, FROM BANK TO CHURCH STS. 

cinnati, St, Louis, Chicago and all the cities of the West. They further 
announced that they had determined to extend the Eastern end of the 
Road " to such a point on the waters of the Chesapeake, as examination 
shall show to be possessed of the best water and harbor facilities." 
There is no doubt that Norfolk city is the best terminus that the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Road can seek. It possesses in the highest degree, 
and in fact, exclusively " the harbor facilities " referred to, and we are 
satisfied that with proper exertion, the Chesapeake and Ohio Road can 
be brought to Norfolk. The expense of bringing it here from Richmond 
would be insignificant compared with the immense advantage which 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



30 



would accrue to the Road from a terminus on deep water. Already it 
brings large quantities of flour and bacon to our city from the West, 
which have to be transhipped at Richmond. But with a direct route 
from the West to the wharves at Norfolk, they would run their cars 
from St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Pauls, Omaha and San 
Francisco, if they pleased, to the best harbor on the Atlantic coast, and 
dump their bulk into the spacious holds of the largest ships known to the 




NORTH SIDE MAIN .STREET, FROM ATLANTIC TO COMMERCE STS. 

Commerce of the World. To accomplish this, all that is necessary is the 
construction of a Road from Richmond to Norfolk — 90 miles — or an 
arrangement with the present Roads between the two citi s, by which 
the Chesapeake and Ohio Road shall be allowed to run a track of proper 
guage on the roadbeds of these Roads. The best interests of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Road, and of Norfolk, require that this should be done, 
and we have sio doubt it will l>e done and that speedily. 

This Road opens up to development the finest coal and iron deposits in 
this country, and when they are fully developed, they will, themselves, 



36 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



pay immense profits, by the transportation of their products. But it 
does more, it penetrates with its connections the richest region of the 
great State of Kentucky, being the only line that crosses her Eastern 
frontier and opens up for her farmers and graziers an avenue to the 
Atlantic coast. But still more, it is the main link of a great through 
line, which will give another means of escape to the grain of the Central 
and Western States, now wasted for want of transportation, and relieve 
the present trunk lines of their engorgement. It will afford a direct all 
rail highway from any point in the West to the Atlantic. It will do for 
Norfolk what the Baltimore and Ohio Road has done for Baltimore. 




ACADEMY, AND NORFOLK LIBRAKY ASSOCIATION BUILDING. 
Bank. Charlotte and Cumberland Streets. 

Norfolk has for many years been one of the leading wood and lumber 
markets on the Atlantic coast. The canals and rivers of Eastern 
Virginia and North Carolina, afford cheap water transportation for the 
wood grown and lumber manufactured upon their banks, and the number 
and capacity of the saw mills tributary to this City is increasing every year. 
The pineries of Tide-water Virginia and North Carolina, afford an* 
abundance of wood and lumber at very reasonable prices, and the cheap- 
ness of water carriage give our lumber men and mill owners an advan- 
tage over most of the lumber markets. This industry has suffered, with 
all others, in the past few years, but is now fast reviving with the 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



37 



returning prosperity of the country. The value of the lumber trade, 
including staves and railroad ties, is now not less than $2,000,000 this 
year, with every prospect of large increase. 

The climate of Norfolk is one of its chief attractions to those who 
value health and comfort. Exempt alike from extremes of heat in Sum- 
mer and cold in Winter, its atmosphere is always balmy, tempered as it 
is by our proximity to the sea. For several Winters past, invalids from 
the North have been making Norfolk their retreat from the vigorous 
climate of their own homes. Many, on their way to Florida, stopping 




PURCELL HOUSE.— MAIN AND CHURCH STREETS. 

over here for rest, have been so pleased with our genial clime as to give 
up the idea of going further South, finding here all the advantages of 
a mild, genial atmosphere without the debilitating warmth of the Florida 
climate. Up to this date, (February 4th) there have not been half a 
dozen days on which ice has formed, but it is proper to state that this 
Winter has so far been milder than usual. Generally speaking, the 
thermometer ranges during the Winter from 40° to 20° above zero, it 
being exceedingly rare for it to go so low as zero. While the harbor of 
Baltimore is frozen up almost every year, such a thing has not happened 



38 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

in Norfolk since the Winter of 1856-7, remembered all over the country 
as the severest Winter of the century. 

The climate in Summer is not so hot here as it is in the cities of the 
North and West, as shown by a comparison of thermometer ranges. 
One great advantage we enjoy over all interior localities is the cooling 
sea breeze, which every evening brings us from the Ocean, rendering our 
nights always pleasant, no matter how hot the day. During the Sum- 
mer the people of Norfolk have also the benefit of daily excursions on 
the rivers and Chesapeake Bay and out to the Capes. Old Point Com- 




JOHN W. BURROW'S DRUG STORE, 142 MAIN STREET. 

fort, the site of Fortress Monroe, the largest military post on the coast, 
is within an hour's ride from Norfolk on the various lines of steamers to 
Baltimore, Washington, Kichmond and the Eastern Shore, touching- 
there on their way twice a day, and the special excursions steamers 
leaving in the afternoon and returning at night. The Hyo-eia Hotel 
situated here, occupies a most beautiful position on the beach, command- 
ing a magnificent view of the Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads. 
This famous Summer resort is thronged with visitors from all parts of 
the country during the Summer season, seeking refuge from the heat of 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



39 



the interior. The atmosphere of Old Point is always bracing, the breezes 
that sweep over Hampton Roads tempering the hottest days, and render- 
ing it always comfortable. 

Another most delightful Summer resort has been opened at our very 
doors by the construction of the Ocean View Railroad from Norfolk to 
a point on the beach looking out on the Ocean through the Capes of 
Virginia. The surf bathing on this beach is unsurpassed anywhere on 
the coast, and has the great recommendation of being entirely safe. No 
ropes or artificial means of protection are necessary, there being no under- 
tow. The distance from Norfolk is only eight miles, and the run is 




WATER STREET.— WEST FROM ROANOKE AVE. 

made in about twenty minutes. The Ocean View Railroad Company 
built last Summer a hotel which proved entirely inadequate to the 
demand, and they are now erecting spacious buildings for the accommo- 
dation and amusement of guests. They propose to run trains at short 
intervals throughout the day and up to raid-night, at a reasonable fare, 
thus giving our citizens and visitors constant means of access to the Coney 
Island of Norfolk. These advantages recommend Norfolk to those who 
desire to combine the conveniences of a city with the special attractions of a 
watering place. Visitors can at their choice lodge in the spacious and 



40 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



well kept hotels of our City and ride down to the beach at their conve- 
nience on the trains at inconsiderable cost, or take quarters in the hotels 
on the seashore itself. 

Nowhere in the world can be found better bathing and fishing than 
at these watering places at our threshold, and strangers will find upon 
their tables all the delicacies of our waters — fish, crabs, oysters, in the 
greatest abundance and of the best quality and flavor — together with the 
finest and freshest of vegetables and fruit with which our markets teem 
in their season. 

One great advantage possessed by a large part of our laboring popula- 
tion is the continuity of work, which is afforded them by the variety of 




NAVAL HOSPITAL. 



labor needed by our leading industries. The whole region around 
Norfolk, for ten miles, and stretching in some directions, 25 or 30 miles 
is a vast vegetable and fruit garden, in which are raised the early 
vegetables and fruits for all the cities of the North. The amount of land 
and capital invested in implements, manures, seed, &c, cannot be 
approximately estimated from any data at our command, but it must foot 
up many million of dollars. From early in the Spring until late in the 
Fall a constant succession of crops employs the care of the trucker and 
the labor of his hands. Thousands of men, women and children are 
employed daily in gathering, packing and shipping the products of our 
truck . farms, at prices which are always fairly remunerative -and 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



41 



frequently liberal in the extreme. We have seen 1,500 hands in one 
farm picking strawberries, at an average price, of probably $1.25 for 
men, women and children. The amount of Kale, Cabbage, Spinach, 
Radishes, Tomatoes, Asparagus, Snaps, Beans, Green Peas, Cauliflower, 
Irish Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Beets, Onions, Turnips, Cucumbers, &c, 
and fruits— Strawberries, Apples, Water Mellons, Cantelopes, Pears, 
&c., would seem almost incredible to one who has never witnessed for 
himself the vast scale on which this business is carried on. For detailed 




WELLER & CO.'S PEANUT FACTORY.-WA.TER STREET. 

information on this subject we refer the reader to a special article 
published elsewhere. The demands of this industry give ample employ- 
ment during the truck season for the magnificent lines of Steamships 
between this city and New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and 
Washington. In the height of the season it is as much as they can do 
to furnish the necessary transportation ; the New York line frequently 
despatching two steamships per day, loaded with truck, and we have 
known a single 'steamship of this, line to carry 8,000 barrels of potatoes 



42 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



in one trip. The fertility which skilful treatment has in many instances 
imparted to our soil, together with the mildness of our climate, has 
enabled many of our truckers to produce two crops a year, and we have 
heard of instances in which even three successive crops had been raised 
on the same land during the year. An early vegetable crop, however, 
and a corn crop the same year are very general products of our soil. 

While the handling of our Truck crop furnishes employment for the 
great body of our laboring class during the Summer months, as soon as 
the truck season is over it is succeeded by the Oyster business. Thus 




THAYER'S LIVERY STABLES.— ATLANTIC ST. 

by a fortunate agreement of seasons, the same labor that is employed in 
the gathering of the crops from our lands, when these cease, are enabled 
to find work in securing the abundant crops furnished by our waters. 
The Oysters and Fish of the rivers and bays of Tidewater Virginia, 
supply exhaustless products at the simple cost of gathering, and, 
during the Fall and Winter seasons, thousands of our population earn a 
good livelihood in catching and preparing for market the delicious 
bivalves which have now become a staple article of our commerce. The 
business of packing and shipping Oysters for Northern, Western and 
Foreign markets, has been increasing here from year to year until it has 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



43 



reached enormous proportions. Up to within a few years Baltimore 
almost monopolized the Oyster trade, but the superior conveniences of 
our situation and climate have given our packers an advantage which is 
now generally appreciated. For a month last year, covering the most 
profitable part of the season, Christmas and New Year, the freezing of 




J. B. IXttJGHRAN'S FURNITURE WAREHOUSES, 182 & 184 CHURCH STREET. 

the harbor of Baltimore put a stop to operations of oyster packers there, 
while during that time our oyster dealers reaped a golden harvest. 
This branch of our trade though already large, as we have said, promises 
almost indefinite expansion. In addition to the oysters, great quantities 
of fresh fish and crabs are shipped by the dealers to all parts of the 
North. The shipments of Oysters for the year 1879 were nearly one 
and a half millions of bushels. A detailed statement of the business 



44 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

done in this line will be found under a special article in another part of 
this work. 

Norfolk as the commercial centre of Eastern North Carolina and 
Tidewater Virginia, has for many years concentrated the corn trade of 
these sections. Before the war the rich bottom lands of the rivers which 
permeate the coast of these two States, were among the largest corn-pro- 
ducing regions of the country, and Norfolk became one of the best corn 
markets of the Union. In those days the railroad system of the country 
was but imperfectly developed, and there was little or no competition for 
the freights of the West, therefore, as a consequence, the cost of 
transporting corn from the West to the Seaboard was almost prohibitive, 
and even since the war the farmers of Iowa have found it more profitable 
to burn their corn for fuel than to ship it for produce. 

The competition which has distinguished the last few years, has swept 
away this barrier to the industry of the Western farmer, and corn is 
now pouring into the Seaboard cities from the overflowing granaries of 
the West, at remunerative prices. At the same time, the farmers of 
North Carolina and Virginia, have recovered in a great degree the pros- 
perity of ante-bellum days. They are resuscitating and bringing into 
cultivation their naturally fertile lauds and the consequence is a very 
large increase in the receipts of corn in this City. 

The past few years show a great improvement in this respect, and we 
look for a still greater increase in our receipts from this staple from these 
sources. In addition to these, however, the connection but recently made 
by way of Chattanooga with the Cincinnati Southern Road, and probable 
extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Road to this City, afford the 
reasonable hope that we shall ere long attract not only the Corn, but a 
large part of the Wheat crop of the Western States. 

Situated as Norfolk is, 150 miles nearer the sea than Baltimore, the 
logic of geography demands that we should receive the preference from 
the business men of the Great West, so soon as we can offer them rail- 
road facilities equal to those now afforded by the Baltimore and Ohio Road. 

But not only as a domestic market and point of export does Norfolk 
offer advantages to those of this couutry who desire to sell their produce 
or ship it to foreign marts ; but as a port of entry and as a purchasing 
point it has advantages equal to those of any other American seaport. 
Connected as it is with England by two steamship lines besides a 
numerous fleet of sailing vessels engaged in the cotton trade, and with 
all the chief cities of the North by regular steam lines that equal in 
capacity and elegance any of the coast-lines of the country, it affords 
every facility both for the importation of foreign wares at cheaper freights 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



45 







46 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

and the purchase of domestic goods at rates as low as can be obtained 
elsewhere in this country. Our merchants buying from first hands can 
offer as favorable terms as those of any other city, and they will always 
duplicate bills at Baltimore prices, giving their customers the advantage 
of the difference in freights. 

The future of Norfolk as a Commercial City is now well assured. 
For the first time since its existence as a City, its great natural advan- 
tages are now recognized by the merchants of this country and the 
outside world. As a Cotton Port it ranks third — New Orleans and 
Savannah alone exceeding. Great as was the amount of cotton received 
by our factors and shippers in 1878, the cotton year of 1879 promises 
to be much more profitable. We have already, up to February 1st, 1880, 
received more cotton since the beginning of the cotton year, September 
1st, 1879, than we received during the whole of the year ending August 
31st, 1879, and we have yet seven months to spare. 

For the year ending December 31st, 1878, the exports from this City 
amounted to ten millions; for the year ending December 31st, 1879, 
they amounted to twelve millions, an increase of 20 per cent. All 
branches of our trade have increased in at least equal proportions ; real 
estate has advanced, and manufacturing industries have been started 
which promise to be but the forerunners of a class which will open new 
sources of emolument to our laboring population. Among these we 
may mention a Lace Factory already in operation, and a Company 
composed of some of our leading citizens and a few Northern capitalists 
and experts, has just been organized for the erection of a Cotton Factory, 
under the name of the Norfolk Knitting and Cotton Manufacturing Co., 
and are about to inaugurate what we have every reason to believe will 
prove a new era in the history of our City. 

The manufacturers of the North are beginning to realize the advantage 
of bringing the machinery to the cotton fields and cotton centres, and no 
city in the country presents equal advantages of abundance of staple, 
adaptability of climate and propinquity to market, with our own. 

That these advantages will in the near future attract to us a large 
population of the spinners who are now struggling in the far North 
against the disadvantages of distance and climate, we have no doubt. 
Competition in manufactures is now so close that they cannot afford to 
neglect any element of economy, and our advantages must be appreciated 
and utilized by the capital now engaged in that business. 

The supremity of Norfolk as a cotton market is well evidenced by 
the number of cotton buyers from England and the Continent who have 
established themselves in our midst. Representing as they do the leading 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



47 




48 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

cotton firms of the World, their presence from year to year is an assur- 
ance that Norfolk as a cotton market presents facilities for the purchase 
and shipment of cotton which they cannot afford to forego. The 
superior depth of water furnished by our harbor, enabling ships of the 
largest class to load to their utmost capacity insures the cheapest freights, 
while our port charges and wharf rents are much more reasonable than 
those of other Atlantic ports. For these reasons as well as for the 
safety of ingress and egress to our harbor, the masters of vessels give 
Norfolk the preference over all other ports. Three powerful cotton 
presses worked day and night, give dispatch to freights, and the enterprise 
and activity of our merchants afford every facility to those who are 
brought in contact with them in matters of business. 

In 1787, Thomas Jefferson declared "Norfolk will probably be the 
Emporium for all the trade of the Chesapeake Bay and its waters, and a 
canal of 8 or 10 miles will bring to it all that of Albemarle Sound and 
its waters. " This prediction has been partly fulfilled, although the 
trade of the Chesapeake has been divided with us by Baltimore, the 
energy of whose merchants, in years gone by, has drawn from us to their 
own city a large part of the trade which should have been exclusively 
ours. The canal, however, suggested by Mr. Jefferson, has secured to 
us, beyond all dispute, the commerce of the Sounds of Eastern North 
Carolina. A long barrier of low sand hills, extending along the North 
Carolina coast, as far south as Cape Lookout, renders the approach to her 
system of sounds and rivers from the sea, both difficult and dangerous. 
The rivers tributary to these Sounds penetrate one of the most fertile 
regions on the continent, rich in Cotton, Corn, Wheat, Lumber, Staves, 
Shingles, Timber, Fish and Naval Stores. The Dismal Swamp and 
Albemarle and Chesapeake Canals connect the City of Norfolk with the 
Albemarle, Currituck, Cove and Pamlico Sounds, into which flow the 
Alligator, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Roanoke, Tar, Trent, Neuse, 
Scuppernong, Cashie, Chowan, Little and North Rivers, bearing the 
abundant products of this fair country. 

The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, inaugurated under a charter 
passed jointly, by the States of Virginia and North Carolina, connects 
the waters of the two States, by two artificial cuts, the one, known 
as the Virginia Cut, connecting the southern branch of the Elizabeth 
River with North Landing River, and the other, known as the North 
Carolina Cut, connecting North Landing River with Currituck Sound. 
It has only one Lock, the largest in the United States, 220 feet long by 
40 feet wide, through which vessels of 600 tons can pass, and its capacity 
is equal to an annual transportation of 30,000,000 tons. In conjunction 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 49 

with the Chesapeake and Delaware and Delaware and Raritan Canals, it 
forms a great Inland Navigation Line for steamboats, sailing vessels, rafts, 
<fec., from North Carolina to Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, 
avoiding the dangers of Hatteras and the coast of North Carolina. In 
1879, there passed through this canal 81,790 bales Cotton, 40,000,000 
feet Lumber and 39,600,000 Shingles, besides large quantities of Corn, 
Naval Stores, &c. 

In 1855, the prosperity of Norfolk received a serious check from the 
Yellow Fever Epidemic of that year, which, for the time, put a stop to 
all business and carried off a large portion of our population. The 
disease was brought to the harbor by the steamer Ben Franklin. Since 
that time there has been no re-appearance of the epidemic in the city. 
The Sanitary and Quarantine regulations are rigidly enforced and are of 
such a nature as to give strong assurance against any future importation 
of the disease. 

Norfolk had hardly recovered from the effects of the Yellow Fever 
before the war in 1861 again prostrated her commerce and closed her 
port. Immediately after the termination of the war our people went to 
work to revive their shattered fortunes, and after fifteen years of 
indomitable energy and untiring effort, they have the proud satisfaction 
of knowing that their labors have not been in vain, and that their 
beautiful City by the Sea is at last recognized by the Commercial World 
as one of the coming Emporiums of the Atlantic Coast. 

Soon after the war the Merchants' and Mechanics' Exchange was 
organized as the official representative of the business men of Norfolk. 
We regret we have been unable to find the records of this Institution as 
they would have been of great value to us in the compilation of this 
work ; after several years of useful existence it was merged into the 
Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange. This association has been 
of great value to our merchants, and has been largely instrumental in 
increasing the Cotton Trade of Norfolk to its present proportions. It 
has recently exchanged its old quarters, which were too cramped to afford 
the necessary facilities, for new and commodious rooms over the spacious 
cotton warehouse of Messrs. Reynolds & Bro., on Water street, where 
every arrangement for the prompt transaction of the business of the 
Exchange has been made, including direct telegraphic communication 
with the Cotton Exchange of New York City. The future success of 
this institution under its present able management is assured. 

The extensive requirements of our produce merchants have induced 
a movement among leading firms in that business looking to the estab- 
lishment of a Produce Exchange. The immense amount of business 



50 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

done in this line demands that those engaged in it should have the 
advantage of method and organization. The proposal to reduce to a 
system the produce trade of Norfolk, and to afford to the members of 
such an association the advantages to be derived therefrom is fully 
appreciated by those interested, and there is every reason to believe that 
so long as the committees having the matter in charge can make the 
necessary arrangements, the Norfolk Produce Exchange will be duly 
organized. 

The progress of Norfolk has been greatly assisted by the enterprising 
and well conducted Newspapers of the City. They have been largely 
instrumental in directing the attention of the outside world to the 
commercial and natural advantages of Norfolk, and have lent the 
influence of the press in behalf of every enterprise that deserved 
encouragement. There are at present six Newspapers published in 
Norfolk. Four of these, The Norfolk Virginian, The Norfolk Land- 
mark, The Public Ledger and the Day Book are dailies, the two first 
morning and the two last evening papers. The Norfolk Weekly Herald 
and The Weekly Gazette are published once a week. 

We cannot better close this sketch than by an extract from a paper 
read by Hon. Robert W. Hughes, U. S. District Judge, before the 
Southern Commercial Convention, in this City. 

" The perfection to which railroad construction has been brought, and 
the increasing cheapness and rapidity of railroad transportation have 
o-iven to Western trade a strong and growing tendency to cross the 
country on lower lattitudes and shorter routes. Hence the vast business 
that has sprung up on the Pennsylvania roads, on the Baltimore and 
Ohio road and on our own Norfolk and Memphis line of road, and hence 
the earnest solicitude which is expressed by the public for the completion 
of our connection from Bristol to Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis. 

The growing preference of Western trade is for Southern lines ; not 
onlv because they are more exempt from the frosts of the N orthern climate, 
but because they are the shortest routes from the centres of Western 
production and population to the centre of the American Seaboard. It 
is this tendency of trade, that has so powerfully turned public attention 
of late to Norfolk as a great Seaport City. 

Norfolk has gotten through her period of monotony and non-growth. 
That day has closed forever ; it has closed in brilliant promise." 

" The weary sun hath made a golden set, 
And by the bright track of its fiery car 
Gives token of a goodly day to-rnorrow." 



ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TEADES. 51 



AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 



^ HIS business is in the hands of men who are thoroughly acquainted 
^ with the requirements of the trade, and many of the most improved 
implements now in use, owe their origin to their inventive genius. Great 
labor-saving machines, calculated to economize labor and render farming 
less laborious and more profitable, have been invented and are being sent 
broadcast over the country by them. 

There are three houses here with a consolidated capital of from 100,000 
to $150,000, and their trade, while extending far South, lies principally 
in Eastern Virginia, Tennessee, the Carolinas and Georgia. The whole 
of Eastern North Carolina and Eastern Virginia, is supplied from this 
point, Norfolk being without a rival in this limited, but active field. 
By judicious foresight and unremitting energy, the trade has been put 
upon a firm basis and it is one of the most important branches in the 
city, daily enlarging its field of operations and increasing the commer- 
cial greatness which, we are told, Norfolk is one day in the future to enjoy. 

Farmers, appreciate the era of improvement in machinery and are 
not slow to adopt new and advanced ideas as presented to them in the 
form of implements adapted to the cultivation of special crops, and on 
almost every farm one may find the latest designs in Cotton Gins, Cotton, 
Tobacco, and Corn Plows, Drills, Reapers, Mowers, &c, in fact every 
thing to make agricultural life pleasant and remunerative. Well etab- 
lished brands of farming implements find ready purchasers at established 
prices. The buildings used by dealers in this line are handsome, com- 
modious structures, constructed especially with a view to their adaptation 
to the business and the arrangement of their extensive and well assorted 
stocks. The buyer in the country that has trade connections with Norfolk, 
has no need to go elsewhere to secure his supplies, as in points of price, 
terms and varieties, Norfolk cannot be excelled. 

The strict integrity and liberal manner of dealing characteristic of 
these gentlemen, are sufficient guarantees that they will make good their 
representations, and preserve the eminent position which they have 
obtained in the estimation of both dealers and consumers. 



52 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



C. BILLUPS, 

MANUFACTURERIAND EEALEU IN 

ALL KINDS OF 




PATENTEE OF THE 






Which is shown in the cut above ; also Patentee of the 

GRANGER Turn Plow, 

AND THE 

CLIMAX Cotton Plow. 

The " CLIMAX " is the best Cotton Plow yet invented. 
Deals in BAR and BUNDLE IRON, CART and WAGON MATE- 
RIAL, &c. Address, 

C. BILLUPS, Norfolk, Va. 



ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



53 



HOUSE ESTABLISHED IN" 1831. 

S.R. WHITE &BR0. 

(Successors to S. MARCH & CO.,) 

96 and 98 "Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

"ATLAS" and "CLIPPER" TURNING PLOWS, and " STONE- 
WALL" COTTON PLOW, over 28,000 of which have been 
Sold since tlieir Introduction. 




The ATLAS, STONEWALL, and CLIPPER Plows were awarded 
the Only Premium, by the last North Carolina State Fair, held October, 
1 879, for the Best Selection of Plows, in competition with all the leading 
Plows in use in the South and West, which is additional proof of their 
superiority over all others. 

We manufacture the STONEWALL COTTON GIN, the "DIXIE" 
PLOW, and nearly all other kinds of Plows and Castings known to the 
Southern Trade ; also all kinds of Farming Machinery of most approved 
designs. 

We are sole agents for Virginia and N. Carolina for the WATERTOWN 

STEAM ENGINE, MILLER'S COTTON-SEED HULLERS, 

FOSTER'S and GLOBE COTTON PLANTERS, IRON 

AGE CULTIVATORS, SOUTH BEND 

CHILLED PLOWS; 

And dealers in Rims, Spokes, Hubs, Iron, Steel, Axles, Springs, &c, &c. 

Descriptive circulars mailed on application, and all inquiries promptly 

answered. 

S. R. WHITE & BRO., Norfolk, Va. 



54 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



WRENN, WHITEHURST & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Agricultural Implements 

28 AND 30 UNION STREET, NORFOLK, TA. 

We have just completed a large building where we are now manufac- 
turing, with the Latest Improved Machinery, a full line of AGRICUL- 
TURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

Have a complete stock of Carriage, Wagon and Cart Materials, 
Axles, Iron, Steel, &c, and Farming Tools of every description, such 
as Shovels, Spades, Forks, Hoes, Rakes, Trace Chains, &c. 

Would call attention of Farmers and Dealers to our 

"GOLD" AND "GOOSE NECK" PLOWS, 

The manufacture of which we make a specialty, and which are superior to 
any now on the market. PLOW CASTINGS all kinds. 

GROCERIES. 



IlN this branch of trade the greatest activity is observable on over- 
hand, and the most strenuous efforts are being made to meet the 
requirements of more buyers. The city as a market, offers the same 
advantages of more densely populated and larger cities, in extensive 
stocks and reasonable prices. The business being naturally a heavy 
one, it does not admit of expansions like other branches of the jobbing 
trade, unless it is conducted exclusively as a bulk business, and even 
then it is confined within certain bounds and governed to a great extent 
by transportation facilities and charges. In bulk Meats, Syrups, and 
Sugars, a mammoth business is done in Norfolk. The freight upon 
these articles is at all times heavy, but close competition in transportation 
enables our merchants to fill their store-houses from the packing-houses 
of the West, or the refineries of the East, as cheaply as their competitors 
in other cities. Freights, in a measure, regulate the prices to be realized 
by the retailer, aud as Norfolk controls unsurpassed advantages both by 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 55 

rail and water, in this particular, dealers in the country tributary to her, 
should, in consulting their oion interests, not disregard the benefits to 
accrue directly to them through the agency of cheap transportation, and 
prices uniformly the same as those of other markets. 

Within the past six years, the Wholesale Grocery Trade here has more 
than doubled, and now aggregates annually about five millions of 
dollars. This immense interest is under the management of the most 
open-handed business men to be found anywhere, who control in all, 
over a half million dollars actual capital. Nine firms are engaged in 
the business, and wherever and whenever they can create new trade or 
improve that of long standing, they employ the most liberal means in 
their power. Most of them began their business career with limited 
capital but abundant pluck and judgment, which have been corner stones 
to the success which they have achieved. 

Eastern Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia and Tennessee, send their 
buyers here, and each year witnesses not only increased trade, but 
improved facilities for conducting it, and a strengthened determination 
upon the part of dealers to expand their business. 

W. F. ALLEN. J. T. BORUM. 

W. F. ALLEN & CO., 

WHOLESALE GROCERS, 

99 Water St. and 18, 22, 26 § 30 Rothery's Lane, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

FLOUR AND MEATS A SPECIALTY. 
ESTABLISHED 1806. 



ROWLAND BROTHERS, 

WHOLESALE 

NOS. 12, 14 AND 16 ROWLAND'S WHARF, 
NORFOLK, VA. 



56 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



ESTABLISHED 1871. 



J. EASTHAM. E. T. POWELL. 

EASTHAM, POWELL &. CO., 

Wholesale Grocers, 

90 Water Street @ 41 Commerce Street, 

■swssvsi w,\\\\\\ ^ssssS^ vwwws® m\\\ws*%gs Ws wswsb* V,;- 



<iSK5^vSi X VS5S!S' ^vSJffSWTi \\\\\\\\S\\ 



LARGE DEALERS IN 



FLOUR, MEATS, SUGARS, 

Coffees, Teas, Syrups, Salt, 
Lard, Mackerel, Herring, 

AND IN FACT ALL ARTICLES USUALLY KEPT IN A 

WHOLESALE GROCERY HOUSE. 

Special inducements offered to Prompt Paying and Cash 
customers. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 57 

ESTABLISHED 1865. 



M. L. T. DAVIS & CO., 

WHOLESALE 

GROCERS 



AND DEALERS IN 



Provisions, 

• 



CAR-LOAD SALES made a Specialty 

AND THE 
LOWEST POSSIBLE FREIGHT RATES SECURED. 



1 WATER STREET 

{CORNER COMMERCE,) 

NORFOLK. VA. 



58 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

WASHINGTON TAYLOR & CO. 
"Wholesale Grocers, 

14, 16 # 18 COMMERCE STREET, 

NORFOLK, VA. 

AGENTS FOR HAZARD POWDER. 

THEODORICK A. WILLIAMS. WM. C. DICKSON. 

T. A. WILLIAMS & CO., 

2 | 4 ROANOKE SCIUARE, NORFOLK, VA. 
SALT, 

JVEolasses and in.oa:ii% 

BY THE CAB LOAD, A SPECIALTY. 

STRICT PERSONAL ATTENTION given to all ORDERS entrusted 
to our care, and with a FULL STOCK of all classes of goods pertaining to 
the WHOLESALE GROCERY BUSINESS, we are enabled to offer 
special inducements to our PATRONS. 

BANKS AND BANKERS. 



HE City of Norfolk has a banking capital estimated at two and a 
half millions of* dollars, divided between eleven banks and banking 
houses, and their annual deposits approximate $5,000,000. Especially 
during the cotton seasons do their transactions become large, and to 
convey an idea of the relation between the banks of Norfolk and the 
cotton shippers of North Carolina alone, it will only be necessary to state 
that one bank sent to North Carolina during the month of November, 
1879, $1,000,000 in currency. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 59 

The buildings devoted to their use are elegant pieces of architectural 
beauty, with convenient, commodious interiors. An army of clerks are 
employed in the various monetary institutions of the city and the business 
is done expeditiously and upon the most thorough principles. 

On March 6th, 1871, a meeting of bank officers was called for the 
purpose of organizing a Clearing House, and which is at this time 
composed of the following banks and bankers : Exchange National, 
John B. Whitehead, Esq., President ; Citizens', W. H. Peters, Esq., 
President; Bank of Commerce, Jas. E.Barry, Esq., President; Marine 
Bank, Col. Walter H. Taylor, President ; Burruss, Son & Co., and the 
Bank of Portsmouth. W. H. Peters, Esq., is President of the Asso- 
ciation and N. Burruss, Esq., Manager. 

During the financial panic of 1873, when many institutions considered 
perfectly solvent, crumbled beneath the weight of impaired credit, 
Norfolk stood in the line of uneffected cities, and her banks discharged 
their obligations with usual promptness, and their well-known conser- 
vatism maintained the long established confidence which had been 
fostered and built up between them and their depositors. The latter did 
not withhold their deposits, but continued in their customary way ; in 
fact, those who had accommodation paper out were not pressed for its 
payment, and holder and maker seemed to vie with each other in their 
efforts to maintain confidence in each others ability to honor maturing 
obligations. 

The transactions of the Clearing House Association for the month ol 
November, in each year since 1876, were : 

1876 ------ $1,252,678.40 

1877 - - - 1,117,280.26 

1878 ------ 1,230,756.26 

1879 ----- 1,500,925.61 
These banks are in the hands of men of ackowledged administrative 

and financial ability, large views and extensive wealth, which enable 
them to cope with institutions having larger capital, and at the same time 
afford those whose financial agents they are the most substantial security. 
Banks of questionable solvency, or under doubtful management, find no 
encouragement or patronage in our midst, and the mere utterance of a 
suspicion concerning one's stability would materially decrease the volume 
of its operations. 

In addition to the regular banking capital here, there is always a vast 
amount of money in the hands of capitalists seeking investment, and 
transactions of great magnitude are continually being made that are not 
represented on the books of our banks. The gratifying success of our 



60 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

banks, their large semi-annual dividends, and the fact that there has 
been but one failure among them within the past forty years, are powerful 
inducements for outside capital to find similar employment here. There 
are two regular Savings Banks operating at present, and several that 
make a specialty of that department, and through them the laboring 
classes have been encouraged to add to the banking capital of the 
city. The savings institutions have had their affairs well administered 
upon and they not only speak well for their officers, but volumes in 
behalf of the thrift of a large class of our citizens. 

BURRUSS, SON & CO/S 
BAHE V 

OPEN FROM 9 ^.M. TO 6 P.M. 

CITY BONDS MATURED OR MATURING TAKEN AT PAR AND ACCRUED 

INTEREST, AND BONDS OF A LONGER DATE EXCHANGED ON 

APPLICATION. ALSO, VIRGINIA TAX COUPONS. 

GOOD FOR STATE TAXES, LICENCES, AND MOFFETT TAX. 

JgSgfBonds, Stocks and Mining Shares bought and sold. Uncurrent Bills, Southern 
Bank Notes, Mutilated Fractional Currency bought. Loans negotiated on Real Estate. 
Business Paper and Claims discounted. Interest allowed on time Deposits. 

JBXJSIXTBSS ACCOVNTS UVXTSD. 

JOHN B. WHITEHEAD, -j -j Q Yj GEO. M. BAIN, Jr. 

President. _LJLO I Cashier. 



§t$i$mU& fejwfltwji mu\ Jimmrial gtpnt &f the United £t»te*. 



THE 

Exchange National Bank 

OF NORFOLK, VA. 

CAPITAL - - - $300,000. 
SURPLUS - $150,000. 

DIRECTORS : 
jno. b. whitehead, r. t. k. bain, 

r. h. Mcdonald, orlando Windsor, 

john james, c. e. jenkins, 

jas. h. toomer. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 61 

WM. H. PETERS, Pres. WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE, Vice-Pies. WALTER H. DOYLE, Cashier. 

CITIZENS' B^lTNTK, 

OF NORFOLK, VA. 
DIRECTORS: 

WM. II. PETERS, WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE. GEO. C. REED. 

CHARLES H. ROWLAND, T. A. WILLIAMS, J. G. WOMBLE, 

WALTER H. IJOXLE. 

Bank of Discount and Deposit. Discount days, Wednesday and Saturday. Interest 

allowed on Savings Deposits at rate of 5 per Cent, per annum. 

Exchange issued on all principal Cities of Europe. 

i@- COLLECTIONS MADE AND PROMPTLY REMITTED. 

N. Y. Correspondent, BANK OF NEW YORK— NATIONAL BANKING ASSOCIATION. 
CALDWELL HARDY, President H. HARDY. Assistant Cashier. B. A. MARSDEN, Cashier. 

The FARMERS' BANK, 

Main and Commerce Streets, 

NORFOLK, VA. 
INTEREST ALLOWED ON TIME DEPOSITS. 

COLLECTIONS MADE ON ALL POINTS AND RETURNS 
PROMPTLY REMITTED AT LOWEST RATES. 

New York Correspondent, H. C. HARDY & SON, 10 Wall Street. 
JAMES E. HAURI, President. WM, S. WILKINSON, Cashier. 

( Chartered under State Laws, 1st July 1X78.) 

DIRECTORS : 

J AS. E. BARRY, D. C. WHITEHURST, .IAS. RETT), SAM'L MARSH, 

J. VICKERY, B. T. BOCKOVER. A. E. SANTOS, 

W. A. GRAVES, JOHN PETERS. 



TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS. COLLECTIONS MADE 

ON ALL POINTS AT CURRENT RATES. INTEREST ALLOWED ON 

DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. 



N. Y. Correspondent, NATIONAL PARK BANK ; Phila. Correspondent, FIRST NATIONAL BANK : 
Boston Correspondent, MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK. 



THE HOME SAVINGS BANK, 

Cor. Main Street and Roanoke Avenue, 

Transacts a GENERAL BANKING, EXCHANGE and COLLECTION 
BUSINESS, but devote SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SAVINGS 
DEPOSITS. 

On Saving Accounts of $1 and upwards, SIX PER CENT, interest is allowed 
from day of deposit. Deposits sent by Mail or Express, credited and Bank Books 
promptly returned. 

BANK HOLTRS.— DAILY FROM 9 A.M. TO 3 P.M. 
SATURDAY' NIGHTS, 6 TO 8 O'CLOCK. 

diEO. E. BOWDEN, President. II. C. PERCY, Cashier. 



62 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

RAWLINS, WHITEHURST & CO., 

Wholesale and Retail 

lOl Dl^EilEi 

23 and 25 Lee Street, 
TUNIS' WHARF, NORFOLK, VA. 

g@~ICE PACKED IN ANY QUANTITIES AND SHIPPED TO ORDER. 

INLAND NAVIGATION. 



"V 



^71 LINE of inland navigation, free from the perils of the ocean, has 
OJV occupied the attention of our statesmen from an early period of our 
history. 

In a report of the Hon. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, to 
Congress, dated March 2, 1807, he says: "The map of the United 
States will show that they possess a tidewater inland navigation secure 
from storms and enemies, and which from Massachusetts to the southern 
extremity of Georgia is principally, if not solely, interrupted by four 
necks of land. These are the Isthmus of Barnstable, that part of New 
Jersey which extends from the Raritan to the Delaware, the peninsula 
between the Delaware and the Chesapeake, and that low and marshy 
tract which divides the Chesapeake from Albemarle Sound. 

" It is ascertained that a navigation for sea vessels drawing eight feet 
of water may be effected across the three last; and a canal is also believed 
to be practicable, not perhaps across the Isthmus of Barnstable, but 
from the harbor of Boston to that of Rhode Island. The Massachusetts 
canal would be about 26, the New Jersey about 28, and each of the two 
Southern about 22 miles in length, making altogether less than 100 
miles. 

" The shortest communication between the Chesapeake and Albemarle 
Sound is North Landing, at the 'head of the tide of Northwest river, 
which empties into Currituck Inlet (Sound), the eastermost arm of 
Albemarle, to either Kempsville or Great Bridge, at the head of the tide 
of two different branches of the south branch of the Elizabeth River, 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 63 

which, passing by Norfolk, unites at Hampton Roads with James River 
and the Chesapeake. The distance is stated at seven miles and the levels 
said to be favorable. " 

The first of these projected canals has not been constructed. The 
second from New Brunswick to Bordentown, N. J., 43 miles, called^the_ 
Delaware and Raritan, under the patronage of Commodore Stockton, U. 
S. N., was built, and has proven a very useful and profitable enterprise 
to its owners. It is now leased by the Pennsylvunia Railroad Company 
at 10 per cent, per annum on its cost. 

The third canal, from the waters of the Delaware to the Chesapeake, 
known as the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, is 14 miles in length and 
navigable for vessels drawing nine feet of water. It is supplied with 
water by powerful steam pumps, and though partly owned by the United 
States Government has not been as profitable as the Delaware and 
Raritan Canal. 

We next have in order the Dismal Smamp Canal, uniting our harbor 
with the Pasquotank River, which, passing by Elizabelh City, empties 
into Albemarle Sound. This canal was commenced in a very early 
period of our history, its charter dating in 1786. The United States 
Government and the State of Virginia owned about four-fifths of the 
stock. Norfolk derived most of its trade through this work, and it was 
the principal avenue to North Carolina until the construction of the 
Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad, now Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad. 
Steam was introduced on this canal at an early date. About the year 
1834 a company known as the Roanoke Navigation Company had 
constructed the stern-wheel steamer " Lady of the Lake, " with many 
schooners which she was expected to tow through the sounds and up the 
Roanoke. This company, like most pioneers, sustained heavy losses, 
until their whole capital, some $150,000, was swept away. For many 
years thereafter no steamers were to be seen on those waters. Plymouth 
became the principal storehouse for the grain of the Roanoke. Large 
warehouses were erected there to receive the grain, which was floated 
down the river in barges during the winter, when the water was high in 
that river, and the grain was shipped during the summer months from 
Plymouth by sea vessels through Ocracoke Inlet to northern markets. 
Thus Norfolk was fast losing her grain trade. 

In 1848 or 1850 one of our citizens, who had devoted much of his 
time to canals and steam transportation, procured a small towboat and 
chartered a number of Erie Canal barges and demonstrated the feasibility 
of this mode of transportation. Contracts were made for carrying of 
corn to New York via Norfolk at a less price than by Ocracoke. In a 



64 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

few years the receipts of corn at Norfolk ran up to millions of bushels 
and Norfolk became quite a corn market. 

Plymouth no longer was the storehouse, and the towing of barges 
through the sounds and up the rivers of North Carolina was well estab- 
lished ; the cost of freight was reduced and the farmers had no lono-er 
fear of their grain heating by being so long in transit. Owing, however, 
to the great delay in getting up the upper part of the Pasquotank known 
as the " Moccasin track, " steam was not remunerative, and it was 
evident a better navigation than then existed through the Dismal Swamp 
Canal was necessary. Efforts to have the canal enlarged and extended 
to better water were unsuccessful, and the trade that had been diverted 
through our harbor was about to be lost when a project was started to 
build another canal uniting the natural waters by a shorter route with 
an ample supply of water and with a prism and locks that would pass a 
larger class of vessels. To do this the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal 
was constructed, connecting the Elizabeth River by a canal only eight 
and a half miles long to the North Landing River, which empties into 
Currituck Sound. From this sound another short canal, only five and a 
half miles, unites with North river, which flows into Albemarle Sound- 

[The lock, and only one on this canal, is of granite, 220 feet long, 40 
feet wide and 8 feet deep, capable of passing vessels of 1000 tons burthen. 
The canal affords a safe and reliable channel for the South, free from the 
dangers of Hatteras and the coast of North Carolina. It was designed 
and constructed by the present able President of the Company, Marshall 
Parks, Esq. The work has attracted considerable attention of late years, 
because of the benefits which will inure to commerce, if the line be 
extended, as proposed by him, to Cape Fear River. We will then have 
an unbroken line from Norfolk to Florida, which would no doubt be 
extended in a few years to and through the projected Florida Canal, 
making the inland route complete. — Pub.] 

Thus by only 14 miles of canal a steam navigation has been provided 
equal, if not superior, to any other inland route in this country. The 
canal has been so successfully managed that it has not only absorbed the 
former trade but largely increased the business, owing to the great 
facilities it offers to export the products of Eastern North Carolina. 

Since the opening of the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal more than 
86,000 steamers and sailing vessels, barges, rafts, &c, have passed 
through it. — Virginian, Aug. 5, 1879. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



65 



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NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



m ha 



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THE 



MM AND CHESAPEAKE CANAL 



TOGETHER WITH THE 



Chesapeake & Delaware Canal & Delaware and Raritan Canal, 

FORM THE GREAT INLAND NAVIGATION FROM 

NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA and BALTIMORE 



TO 



B T4f£ Si 



BY CANALS AND INLAND NAVIGATION FOR STEAM- 
BOATS, SAILING VESSELS, BAFTS, &c, AVOIDING THE 
DANGERS OF HATTEBAS AND THE COAST OF NOBTH 
CAROLINA— SAVING TIME AND INSURANCE. 



Csmals. 




Locks. 




Miles. 


Length 


. Width. 


Depth 




feet, 


feet. 


feet. 


- *14 


220 


40 


7 


- 14 


220 


24 


9 


- 43 


220 


24 


7 


- 345 


110 


18 


7 



DIMENSIONS OF CANALS AND LOCKS. 



xvlbemarle and chesapeake canal 
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 
Delaware and Raritan Canal - - 
Erie, of New York ----- - 345 

*And thirty miles slack water. 

J6SP 1 Light-draft steamers bound to Charleston, Savannah, Florida and 
the West Indies take this route. 

Steam tug-boats leave Norfolk, towing sail vessels, barges, rafts, &c, to 
and from North Carolina to Baltimore, Fhiladelphia and New York. 

Freight steamers leave Norfolk for the following places : Edenton, Eliza- 
beth City, Hertford, Plymouth, Jamesville, Williamston, Hamilton, Hill's 
Ferry, Palmyra, Scotland Neck, Halifax, Weldon, Columbia, Fair Field, 
Windsor, Winton, Gatesville, Murfreesboro, Franklin, Currituck, Coinjock, 
Boanoke Island, Washington, Greensville, Tarboro, Indiantown, Bay 
River and Newbern. 

5®"° For rates of tolls, towing, maps and charts, &c, apply to 

H. V. LESLIE, Treasurer C. & D. Canal Co., 

528 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
M. COURTRIG-HT, Esq., 

Room 69 Coal and Iron Exchange, New York, 

Or to MARSHALL PARKS, 

President Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Co., Norfolk, Va. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. B7 

FERTILIZERS. 



fURING the past twenty years farmers and planters have begun to 
recognize the necessity and importance of following some well 
developed system of agriculture. Experience has taught them that in 
order to secure good crops they must depend upon other agencies than 
on simple rain and sunshine. Thorough manuring and the rotation of 
crops have both been found to be beneficial, and in order to further 
strengthen and improve the soil Science has come to their aid and with its 
knowledge of the laws of chemistry has succeeded in forming compounds 
the material parts of which are so skillfully blended together that they 
not only restore the strength which has been exhausted by continuous 
cropping, but improve the quality of the plants, and cereals sown. 
Every fertilizer thrown upon the market is claimed to be the best, and 
to be capable of producing the most wonderful results, and the farmer is 
often so much puzzled to know which is really the best that he either 
depends solely upon the old fashioned system, or is so disgusted with the 
trial which he makes of some worthless article, that he denounces them 
all as impositions. There is, however, one test which can always be 
relied upon and that is experience. If he should not have it personally 
he can at least utilize that of others, and by carefully weighing the 
nature of the evidence offered to him and judging as to its credibility, 
succeed in forming an opinion which will materially assist him in making 
a selection and judging as to the results which are likely to be obtained. 

In the purchase of Fertilizers, the farmer is frequently at the mercv 
of the dealer, and the ease with which Fertilizers are often adulterated, 
renders the trade peculiarly liable to impositions. But it is indeed most 
gratifying to know that every firm, to our knowledge, engaged in the 
business in Norfolk, is composed of gentlemen of such high standing in 
the community as to preclude the idea of a fraud by them, either on the 
manufacture or the sale of these compounds. 

Recently a large factory has been built on one of the principal wharves 
across the river, where the numerous chemicals used in compounding 
Fertilizers are received in their crude state and subjected to the mixing 
process until in proper coudition for use. Peruvian Guano is supplied 
in quantities by our dealers, direct from Government warehouses and 
kept for sale in their warehouses in Norfolk. Every variety of Fertilizer 
known to the trade, or calculated to recuperate exhausted soil can be 
bought in Norfolk at figures identical with those of the largest factories 
in the country. Water transportation being low, handling can be more 
cheaply done here than at points not so highly favored with facilities of 
this character. 



68 



NORFOLK AS A BUS IN ESS CENTRE 

ESTABLISHED 1844. 



CHARLES REID & SON, 





law 



AND DEALERS IN 



terns vgujur wms m m'mmmm '^m§ VlM:,-Qm<mMS 1 WW2(tk 

BONE DUST, 

And Other Standard Fertilizers. 

Office arid Warehouse, 14 NIVISON ST. 

STAVE YARDS, 

India Wharf, Norfolk, and Cooke's Wharf, Portsmouth. 



PERUVIAN GUANO. 

By arrangements recently made, we have the CONTROL in this 
section of ALL the GUANO purchased of the PERUVIAN GOV- 
ERNMENT by the PRESIDENT of the BANK OF PERU, and 
shipped by him to this Country. We are therefore prepared to furnish 
GENUINE PERUVIAN GUANO at lowest rates. We guarantee 
its Purity and Analysis. 

BONE DUST. 

OUR OWN GRINDING from Slaughter-House Bones. RICHER 
IN AMMONIA AND BONE PHOSPHATE OF LIME than 
other Brands in the market. As a permanent improver of the soil, 
there is nothing better than PURE BONE; hence the importance to 
the farmer of great discrimination in his selections, for there is hardly 
any article of trade more liable to adulteration ; and even in different 
brands of really Pure Bone, analyses will show a difference in value 
commercially and to the farmer, of FROM $10 TO $12 PER TON 
in favor of Slaughter-House Bones. In very many cases, Bones are 
ground from dried field stock, after all the hard and most valuable bones 
are culled out and sold to Cutlery and Button Manufacturers. Nothing 
has been culled out of ours — they are all SLAUGHTER- 
HOUSE BONES— ground at our MILLS and WARRANTED 
ENTIRELY PURE. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 69 



C. L. UPSHUR 



MANUFACTURER OF 



FERTILIZER 



AND DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF 



Chemicals awib Material 

For Making Fertilizers. 

No. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO, 

ANIMAL MATTER, 

DRIED BLOOD, 

BONE DUST. 
BONE BLACK, 

DISSOLVED BONE, 

FISH GUANO, 

PLASTER, 

KAINIT, 

ALSO, SULPH. AMMONIA, NIT. SODA, SULPH. SODA, 
NIT. POTASH, SULPH. POTASH, &c, &c. 

MANUFACTURER OF THE 

Peruvian Guano and Bone Dust Fertilizer! 

ALSO, ROYAL PHOSPHATE. 

Office and Warehouse, 154 and 156 Water Street, 
NOB FOLK, VA. 

Factory, Bain's Wharf, Portsmouth. 



70 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

FISH AND OYSTERS. 

«. — .». 

-A 

j| VEKYBODY eats Fish and Oysters, and Norfolk Packers, with 

err about a half a million of dollars capital, help largely to supply the 
demand. This season about one million, two hundred thousand bushels 
Oysters have been shipped to Boston, New York, Providence, New 
Orleans and to Liverpool, London and other Foreign Ports. The ship- 
ment of fresh Fish to the cities of the North is growing to be a business of 
laro-e proportions ; the waters of the sounds of North Carolina and 
Chesapeake Bay, supply quantities of Fish, all the year around, nearly 
all of which are shipped from this city — in fact, the farming of the 
waters of Virginia and Carolina yields scarcely less revenne than that 

of the land. 

Norfolk as an Oyster Market from its Geographical position, so fre- 
quently and well described, is peculiarly favored in affording cheap and 
rapid transportation, by its daily steamers to the large cities of the 
Northern and New England States, and by her raiilroads to the West 
and South. With her magnificent harbor, seldom closed by ice, 
while others are frequently blocked up for an important part of the 
Oyster season, she is fast becoming the grand market for the Oysters 
caught in the Chesapeake and its tributaries. Virginia waters are rich 
in their beds of luscious BiValves, and while the excellency and superi- 
ority of her Lynnhavens, Cherrystones, Horn Harbors, York Rivers, 
Hampton Bars, and others are generally acknowledged, the James, 
Rappahannock, Potomac, Nansemond, Piankitank and many small rivers 
send a laro-e supply to this their home market. Only in the last few 
years were any Dredged Oysters, of any amount, brought to this market. 
Now large vessels regularly engaged in dredging make this their regular 
market, Gwinn's Island, Pocomokes, and other dredged stock is as 
familiar to our packers almost as the native. No part of the trade of 
Norfolk is of more importance to her and the surrounding district, than 
the Oyster Packing and Catching. As nothing can conduce more to the 
prosperity of State, City, or County than the employment of its produc- 
tive labor, so the large amount of employment given by the Packers, to 
those engaged in catching and bringing to market the Oysters, the large 
number of openers and employees in their packing houses, paid promptly 
every week, causes a large amount of ready money, brought from abroad, 
to be distributed promptly to those whose wants need ready supply, and 
that too at a season of the year when ordinary out-door labor is least 
employed. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 71 

So rapidly has the Oyster Trade of Norfolk grown in the last few 
years, that it has attracted large Baltimore Packers to establish houses 
here, and this Fall three of the largest dealers in Boston, each 
opened a house, thus virtually conceeding that Norfolk is destined 
to become the grand central Oyster depot of supply. So too the large 
dealers of the great Northern and Western States are fast recog- 
nizing her as a superior market and sending us their orders. But a few 
years since and there were but seven or eight packing houses here, only 
a few of which did a large business, working profitably, three hundred 
hands and shucking some twelve ta fifteen thousand bushels per week, 
now there are twenty packing houses, most of them doing a large business, 
working twelve to fifteen hundred hands and shucking something like 
forty thousand bushels per week, and for every opener, there is a 
like number engaged in catching and running the Oysters to market; 
giving employment to a large number of vessels and small boats. 

The large packing houses and the rapid growth of the trade, give 
evidence that the firms engaged in the business are composed of 
men, whose energies and business qualifications will make it rival in 
importance the best trade of Norfolk. One of the great and valuable 
results to the city is seen in the magnificent piers and wharves built with 
shells in the last few years, also in the splendid shell roads leading into 
the several sections around the city, making not only elegant drives, but 
rendering this market readily accessible to the farmers, with easy hauling 
for their produce at all seasons of the year. The Oyster Packing renders 
essential aid to the trucking interest, by giving employment to a large 
number of hands during the Winter and early Spring, and then 
turning them over to the Truckers just when they are needed. 



CARRIAGE AND COACH BUILDERS. 



Q2* 



M HIS branch of industry is one of daily growth and promises to 
assume proportions entitling it to recognition as one of the most 
progressive and rapidly expanding in the city. The carriage and coach 
builders of Norfolk have always held high rank in comparison with 
those of other cities. The use of skilled labor and first-class materials, 
in rendering their work of durable construction and artistic finish, 
invariably secures for it the highest premiums when exhibited in compe- 



72 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



tition with that of other makes. The many fashionable vehicles that 
throng our thoroughfares and fashionable drives are fair specimens of the 
style and quality of work turned out of their shops. Besides supplying 
the home market, car loads are sent to the South and West, to be offered 
at prices as favorable as are offered in other localities. Until within a 
few years, the South drew almost her entire supply from Wilmington, 
Del., Philadelphia and New York, but now the tide has turned, and 
experience has taught us that in patronizing our own manufacturers, we 
encourage local enterprise, foster and develop local industries and at the 
same time secure for ourselves at reasonable rates, as good workmanship as 
can be had in other markets. The nine factories here employ a vast 
number of hands in their different departments, including the blacksmith, 
wheelright and paint shops, trimming, furnishing and sales rooms. The 
latter usually contain large varieties of stock from other factories, from 
which purchasers may be suited in either style, quality or price. In this 
business about one hundred and twenty- five thousand dollars are 
employed as actual capital. This amount at first glance appears very 
small for the conduct of the business, but not so when it is remembered 
that the credit system does not enter largely into its daily transactions. 




MANUFACTURERS OF 

%imm> ^wMfyj, Collar*, |r. 

AND DEALERS IN 

CARRIAGE AND SADDLERY HARDWARE, 

Horse Clothing, l<ap Robes, «&e. 

14. 16, 24 and 26 Union St., NORFOLK, VA. 



We are just putting in our Factory a large Engine and the latest improved 
machinery, which will enable us to manufacture and sell as low as any fac- 
tory in the United States. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



HOTELS. 



Jy, ORFOLK has every reason to be proud of her fine hotels. Not 
Cy only are they magnificent in external appearances, gigantic and 
beautiful pieces of architecture, but their interior finish and elegant 
appointments, make them the finest hotel buildings in the whole South. 
For many years Norfolk had but few public houses of this character, and 
even those were as little like the elegantly kept and luxuriously furnished 
caravanseries of to-day as they could possibly be. There are at present 
three first class hotels in the city, and many smaller ones of the most 
reputable character and agreeable accommodations, but the three principal 
ones are not only creditable to the city, but the success which has 
attended the efforts of their proprietors, points unmistakably to the fact 
that our people live well and that the floating population of the city, at 
all times very large, appreciate the luxuries of well kept tables, drawing 
their supplies from the truck farms and rivers of the vicinity. These 
hotels are situated directly upon the route of the City Railway, are 
within ten minutes walk of the most distant Railroad Depot or Steamboat 
landing in the city ; convenient to the principal mercantile houses, 
banks, postoffice, churches and theatre. And from either of their roofs 
magnificent views of the shipping in the harbor, Navy Yard, Ports- 
mouth and the surrounding country, for many miles, can be had. Every 
convenience calculated to promote the comfort of guests has been added 
to these establishments, and the traveler, who visits Norfolk, seeking 
health or business cannot help being favorably impressed with the 
manner in which thev are conducted. 



Cor. of Main and Granby Streets, Norfolk, Va. 

TERMS, $2.50 AND $3.00 PER DAY, ACCORDING TO LOCATION. 

IR,_ s. JDOlDSOlsr, Proprietor. 

Enlarged, remodeled and refurnished, rendering it one of the handsomest structures 
in the South, possessing all the modern improvements, including first-class passenger 
elevator, electric bells, suits of rooms with hot and cold baths. 

The especial attention of Tourists and Invalids is called to the fine climate of Nor- 
folk and vicinity, and to the accommodations afforded by the Atlantic where nothing 
will be left undone to render them comfortable. 

Jg@" Liberal arrangements made with Families and parties by the month. 

J8^" Letters and telegrams to R. S. DODSON, will receive prompt attention. "§ia 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



THE HYGEIA HOTEL, 

OLD POINT COMFORT, VA. 

SITUATED WITHIN ONE HUNDRED YARDS OF FORT MONROE. 




OPEN ALL THE Y£AFt, WITH AMPLE CAPACITY FOR 600 GUESTS. 

Has all modern improvements, elevator, gas and electric bell in every room; water' 
bath-rooms, and closets on every floor. Equal to any hotel in the United States as a 
Spring, Summer, and Autumn Resort. Six daily mails and telegraph office ; fifteen to 
twenty first-class steamers land daily, (except Sunday) one hundred and fifty yards 
from the door. Rooms and halls comfortably heated, and every comfort provided for 
tourists and health-seekers during the winter. Fire-escapes only fifty feet apart on every 
floor. Superior beach for bathing at doorsteps, and good from May until November. 
Boating, fishing, and driving especially attractive. Send for circular describing 
hygienic advantages, terms, &c. 

HARRISON PHOEBUS, Proprietor. 

What th3 Patrons of the Hygeia Hotel think of it as a Place of Resort. 

(From the Richmond Dispatch). 

The Hygeia Hotel, Old Point Comfort, Va., Julv 1st, 1878. 

The realization of so much comfort and pleasure at this Virginia sea-shore resort, prompts us to 
express our high appreciation of its many advantages. 

Within the past year the m^st extensive and most modern improvements have been made, giving 
largely increased capacity and facilities that can be found only in the most superior establishments. 
Nature has contributed so largely to make this the spot where health can be promoted and many enjoy- 
ments can be realized that we feel highly pleased and gratified that its natural advantages have not 
been lost in the hands of its enterprising proprietor, Mr. Phoebus, who in a quiet and most successful 
manner provides those essentials requisite to promote the comforts and attractions of the " Hygeia" to 
a degree that must be recognized as soon as his guests are within its extensive limits. The table is well 
and liberally supplied with those delicacies that can be iound only at a first-class resort. The large 
additions to the hotel have given ample room for at least several hundred more guests. The pavillion 
has been so improved by the splendid and wide prom-made on the water side that it is unexceptionable, 
and large enough for all to realize its advantages. We, the citizens of Richmond, Petersburg, and other 
Virginia cities, must acknowledge this resort to be vastly superior to any other place within the range 
of converience to our men of business, who should gladly avail themselves of its advantages, so access- 
ible and safe as it is, for a sojourn during the summer. 

We most cordially commend to all a visit to the "Hygeia," and assure them that they will find Mr. 
Phoebus ready and capable of confirming our assurance in this respect. 



Richmond, Va. 
V. W. M. HOLLIDAY, Gov. Va. 
E. O. MOLTING, 
THOMAS W. McCANCE, 
P. II. MAYO, 
CHARLES D. HILL, 
BRADLEY T. JOHNSON, 
NORMAJX RANDOLPH, 
JAMES A. COWARDIN, 
JOHN F. LAY, 
JOHN B. PUR.CELL, 
W. W. CRUMP. 



Richmond. Va. 
T. M. R. TALCOTT, 
GEO. W. ALLEN, 
J. DAVENPORT, Jr. 
A. SHAW. 

Petersburg, Va. 
N. M. OSBORNE,' 
DAVID DUNLOP, 
ED. C VENABLE. 
CHARLES F. COLLIER, 
ROBERT H. JONES. Jr., 
WILLIAM MAHONE. 



Norfolk. Va. 
V. D. GRONER, 
T. H. WEBB, 
J. W. McCARRICK, 
ROBERT W. HUGHES, 
J. S. BRAXTON, 
W. C. MARROW, 

Portsmouth. Va. 
JAMES G. BAIN, E. G. GHIO, 

Charlottesville, Va. 
WM. J. ROBERTSON, 

Warrenlon. Va. 
SAMUEL H. GARDNER 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



75 



PURCELL HOUSE! 

NORFOLK, YA. 



Mfc » to 



hummi 



TERMS, 

$2.00 and $2.50 Per Day, According to Location. 

This Hotel is conveniently and pleasantly situated ; within a short distance 
of the principal Railroad Depots and Steamboat Landings ; street cars 
pass the doors going each way. The appointments of the House are in 
every particular first-class. 

The table is supplied with every luxury which the markets afford. 



PEANUTS. 



^JVlORFOLK stands pre-eminently above any market in America in 
or this specialty. The importance of the crop and its bearing 
upon other branches of trade are little understood even by our own 
people, but it is one of the most valuable products of Eastern Virginia. 

The two factories here are taxed to their utmost capacity ; give 
employment to hundreds of hands, and daily ship assorted Peanuts to 
various points, from Main to Texas. The factories are furnished with 
machinery for polishing and assorting, which enables shippers to handle 
an hundred times as many in a given length of time as could be handled 
under the old washing and hand assorting process which was practiced 
a year or two ago. 

The article is believed to be and claimed of African origin ; originally 
introduced into the Southern country during the last century by some 
vessel landing cargoes. Africa yet continues by all odds, to be the 



76 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

largest producer, for millions of bushels are grown there, being used 
as a food staple, and furnishing a very large proportion of exports from 
the French possessions, mainly to Marseilles, France, where oil is 
manufactured. That port alone, in one year, claiming to have received 
two and a half millions of bushels. 

For many years they have been cultivated in this State, but in a 
very irregular and careless manner ; in fact they were considered beneath 
the dignity of attention as a crop, nor did any trade think much better 
of them. 

It was only during the war and perhaps not until 1863 or '64, that 
prices advanced high. The demand increased rapidly, and inference 
leads to the opinion it was stimulated by camp followers and idle times 
among multitudes. It is quite certain, soon after that, our farmers in 
this vicinity, took hold of them as a crop, gradually increasing year by 
year until in 1878, it reached 875,000 bushels, bringing full $1,000,000 
into the State. 

The following is a comparative estimate of crops and prices by year, 
for Virginia : 



1867 


75,000 bushel: 


1868 


150,000 


(C 


1869 


424,000 


it 


1870 


270,000 


a 


1871 


195,450 


a 


1872 


324,000 


a 


1873 


225,000 


a 


1874 


350,000 


a 


1875 


450,000 


ii 


1876 


780,000 


a 


1877 


405,000 


u 


1878 


875,000 


u 


1879 


1,000,000 


a 



$3.25@|3.75 


1.75@ 


3.00 


3.00@ 


3 60 


2.00@ 


2.75 


1.50@ 


2.80 


2.00@ 


2.50 


90@ 


2.50 


1.75@ 


2.80 


1.55@ 


2.25 


1.40@- 


1.75 


75@ 


1.35 


70@ 


1.30 



The entire crop of the State is produced in the few counties 
immediately contiguous to Norfolk, including the counties of Sussex, 
Surry, Southampton, Isle of Wight, Nansemond, Warwick and Princess 
Anne. Nearly all pass through this place, about four-fiths of the crop 
finding a market here, from whence they are distributed to consuming 
points. 

Notwithstanding the large increase in production, consumption appears 
able and capable of meeting it. From the beginning of the new crop, 
1st of October last, a good demand started up and encourages the hope 
that all will meet readv sale. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



77 



"WELLER & CO., 



WHOLESALE SEALERS AND PBOPEIETOES OF THE 



- ::.■ 



BRANDS OF 



Virginia Hand-Picked 



Cor. Water and Fayette Sts. ; 



M&MF&MM, WM, 



7 



ORDERS AND CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED, 



REFERENCE, BURRUSS, SON & CO., BANKERS, NORFOLK. 



78 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

FURNITURE, CARPETS AND PIANOS. 



jVjORFOLK contains, beyond the possibility of a doubt, as large 
cy establishments and as complete stocks in this line, as can be found 
in any Southern city. She has seven apparently prosperous houses, 
carrying stocks of every style from the richest and most chaste designs 
to the less pretentious and cheaper classes of goods — Parlor, Drawing- 
room, Chamber and Office sets of Furniture, from the most elaborately 
carved Rosewood and Black Walnut, to those made out the native pine. 
The firms engaged in the business have displayed great enterprise, and 
all sections of the manufacturing world have contributed to the varied 
assortments they carry, until the most fastidious taste can be gratified, 
or the humbler cottage of the mechanic made tenantabie. 

Floor coverings of every imaginable character, from the Axminster of 
exquisite pattern, to the ordinary American Carpets and Mattings. 

The recent advances in raw material, commencing' in the revival of 
ore mining, and all iron industries, have met with a corresponding 
increase in prices of Furniture and Carpetings; but many of our dealers 
had pretty well supplied themselves in anticipation of the Fall and 
Spring seasons, so that they were less effected by the advance which 
manufacturers announced, than those who possessed of less capital, were 
not able to stock their warehouses and salesrooms in anticipation of 
local demands. 

The largest Piano and Organ factories in the world are located in this 
country, and nearly all have agencies in this city. The number of 
instruments annually sold here, would if summed up, represent a large 
monied value. One of these instruments may be considered a house- 
hold necessity. The superior delicacy of tone, outward finish, and 
reputation of manufacturer, are the three most important considerations 
that influence purchasers in their selections, and where their knowledge 
upon these three points is defective, the only safeguard against imposi- 
tion is to seek a responsible and reputable dealer whose judgment and 
representation can be relied upon. 

Having passed through seasons of remarkable financial depression 
unscathed, to a substantial and prosperous issue, some of the Furniture, 
Carpeting and Piano dealers of JSorfolk, have taken high rank as men 
possessed of more than an ordinary degree of financial ability and 
business vim. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



79 



FURNITURE, CARPETING 

AND 

PIAWOS. 




.A. STEVENS & 

Cor. Main and Granby Streets. 

TXZS 

II II II III. 





The Largest and Most Complete Stock 

OF ANI HOUSE IS OUR BUSINESS IN VIRGINIA. 

OUR FURNITURE DEPARTMENT 

Is most complete, embracing every article wanted to furnish a house, from 
the cheapest to the most elaborate and expensive quality. 



Is fully stocked with all grades of floor covering, from that wanted by the poor man for 
his cottage to the Finest Velvet or Brussells Carpet for the mansion of the rich. 

AVe call especial attention to our MUSIC DEPARTMENT. We keep constantly 
a large assortment of the very best PIANOS made in the World, comprising the 
celebrated instruments of CHTCKERING & SONS, STEINWAY & SONS, HENRY F. 
MILLER and W. P. EMERSON. Every instrument sold at manufacturers' prices 
and guaranteed for live years. 

We keep in Stock the largest assortment of SHEET MUSIC and MUSIC BOOKS 
in this section. Orders filled by mail, and a liberal discount given to teachers. 

Our Prices are Guaranteed as Low as in New York or Baltimore. 



80 ■ NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS OENTRE ■; i! 

MANUFACTURER OF 

Picture Frames, 

AND DEALER IN 

FURNITURE, 

WINDOW SHADES, CLOCKS, 

Carpets, Mattresses, 
BABY CARRIAGES, LOOKING GLASSES. 

Chromos, Passepartouts, Picture Cord, Tassels, &c. 

THE ONLY FIRST-CLASS FURNITURE AND CARPET 

INSTALMENT HOUSES 

IN THE CITY. 

182 and 184 Church Street, 

JUST ABOVE ST. PAUL'S CHURCH,) 

NORFOLK, VA. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



m 






m 






it 



S 'KJJSm WJfSJSSSs W5S3^ V \\TO\\Y^ WS3NS<S> VWSWV 

(SUCCESSOR TO LIPSCOMB, HILDRETH & CO.) 

AVHOLESA.LE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 

ETC., ETC., 

® s %% Mmw®h% Jtoemue*" 



Having recently purchased the entire interest of the above-named firm, and having 
laid in one of the Largest and Finest stocks of Furniture south of Baltimore, I would 
respectfully invite my former patrons and the public generally to GIVE ME A CALL. 
I HAVE COMPLETELY FILLED MY STORE WITH 



OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, 

WHICH I BUY IN SUCH QUANTITIES, AND ON SUCH TERMS. AS TO INSURE THE 
VERY LOWEST FIGURES. 

My Establishment is strictly FIRST-CLASS. I possess every possible facility 
and my CUSTOMERS ARE GUARANTEED PERFECT SATISFACTION. A 
call from the Ladies is solicited. My stock of 

CHAMBER AND PARLOR FURNITURE 

IS ONE OF THE FINEST FVER EXHIBITED IN NORFOLK. 



NEW GOODS CONSTANTLY ARRIVING. NEWEST STYLES AND RICHEST 
DESIGNS. I DEFY COMPETITION IN QUALITY AND PRICES. 

» __ 

GREAT REDUCTION IX 

FURNITURE, LOUNGES, M. T and EXTENSION TABLES, 

WALNUT PARLOR & CHAMBER SUITES, CRADLES, 

SIDEBOARDS, ETC., ETC. 

GEO. H. HILBRETH, 

WO. 4>£S RQAflfOKE AVE9UE, HQRFOLK, Y&. 

**- CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED FROM COUNTRY MERCHANTS. 



82 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

A. E. HALL & CO., 



AND DEALERS IN 

PARLOR, CHAMBER, DINING-ROOM AND OFFICE 

FURNITURE, 

METALLIC AND CLOTH BURIAL CASES AND CASKETS, WOOD 

COFFINS AND CASES, BURIAL ROBES, UNDERTAKERS' 

TRIMMINGS, AC. &C. 

181 and 183 MASONIC TEMPLE, NORFOLK, VA. 

MiTEvery facility for conducting the Undertaker's business in First-class 
Style. ORDERS BY TELEGRAPH PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 



CHAS, OT. LIPSCOMB, 



WITH 



G-EO. H. HILDRETH, (Successor to Lipscomb, Hildreth & Co.) 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 

FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES, 
No. 42 Roanoke Avenue, Norfolk, Va. 



STAVES. 



AUOEFOLK has long supplied the Windward Islands with all the 
Cy? Staves needed by those colonies for making packages for their 
rum, sugar and molasses. Many of the wine-making districts on the 
Mediterranean also obtain their supplies of Staves from Norfolk. 

The timber of which our Staves are made, is found to be not only 
well suited for wine casks, but more care is taken in their manufacture 
than in any other stave market in the country. They are subjected to a 
most rigid inspection by experienced, licensed inspectors, whose duty it 
is to reject all staves that do not conform to the requirements of the 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 83 

annexed specifications. There is little or no surplus wood on our staves. 
They are carefully prepared ready for the cooper, with wood enough, but 
not in excess of the wants of the makers of casks left on them, whereby 
much is saved in the item of ocean freight. 

The Stave trade of Norfolk already large, is increasing and it is 
regarded as one of our most valuable industries. In 1878 Staves to the 
value of $298,749 were exported from Norfolk. 

Our White Oak Timber, besides being largely made into staves for 
rum and wine casks, is extensively used for ship building purposes, for 
which its superiority over the White Oak grown in other sections has long 
been recognized by the Navy Department and the shipwrights of the 
North and East. It is of very close grain, heavy and tough, and of 
great durability. 

It is a notable fact that there are Naval ships in perfectly sound 
condition, now in active service, which were built at the Norfolk Navy- 
yard more than thirty years ago, of White Oak grown in Tide-water 
Virginia; and it is equally well known that there are numerous Naval 
ships now lying condemned, as unfit for service, after one or two cruises, 
which were built at other Navy-yards of White Oak grown in other 
sections. It was the practice of the Government in former times, to 
require that all oak timber delivered for its use should be grown within 
fifty miles of salt water; but during the late war this was impracticable, 
and therefore it was dispensed with. It is strange, however, in view of 
all past experience, that the Government has not seen fit to restore this 
clause in its contracts for White Oak Timber, and thus secure for its own 
. use the valuable coast oaks of Virginia and North Carolina. Such of 
our oaks as grow near the coast resembles in all respects the famous 
" Pasture Oak " of England. 

Foreign shipments of this product have not been so large during the 
past few years as formally, but it is not doubted that with the general 
revival of trade in all the great business centres, our exports of oak will 
again be as large if not larger than in former periods. 

Dimensions of and Directions for Getting Dressed Staves 
and Heading for the Norfolk Market. 

White Oak Pipe Staves — 54 to 56 inches long, not less than 54 
inches. — 3 J inches and upward wide; must not be less than 3J inches, 
and not less than 1 inch thick on thin edge. 

White Oak Hhd. Staves — 42 to 44 inches long, not less than 42 inches 
— 3J inches and upward wide ; must not be less than 3| inches, and not 
less than f inch thick on thin edgei 



84 v ; NOKFOfcK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

White Oak Heading— -28, 30 and 32 inches long — 5 inches and upward 
wide ■;'■ not less than 5 inches, and full f inch thick on thin edge. 

White Oak Barrel Staves — 32 to 34 inches long, 3 inches and upward 
wide; not less than 3 inches, and not less than f inch thick on thin edge. 
Red Oak Hhd. Staves — 42 to 44 inches long, not less than 42 inches — 
should be 4 inches and upward wide; must not be less than 3J inches 
in any part, and from f to 1 inch and upward thick on the thin edge. 
*■ All Staves and Heading must be of sound wood, free from knots and 
all other defects. Must be rived with the grain, and split from the bark 
to the centre — not slabbed off. They must be straight, with square edges, 
and moderately dressed with drawing knife to nearly a uniform thickness. 

White Oak Staves and Heading must be free of sap. 

Red Oak Staves may have sap on them. White Oaks with sap on 
them are classed Red Oaks. 

Makers of Staves should get none less than full one inch thick, to 
allow for shrinkage in seasoning, and they should lay off the logs one or 
two inches longer than the Staves are required to be, to allow for the 
" running of the saw." Want of length is fatal to any of the classes of 
Staves. 

All Staves are sold here by the long thousand of 1200 pieces. 



PETERS & REED, 
SHIPPING and COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

AND DEALERS IN 

STAVES, TIMBER, &C. 

TOWN POINT, NORFOLK. WATER STREET, PORTSMOUTH. 

IRON WORKS AND MARINE RAILWAYS. 



liNDUSTRIES have been given fresh impetus and from the Gulf on 
p the South, and the Pacific on the West, Norfolk's rightful position 
us a commercial centre is being more fully understood and appreciated 
each season. At present the manufacturing interests of the city are of 
the most encouraging character. Just emerging from a protracted period 
of unprecedented shrinkage in values of all kinds, of over competition 
and consequent overproduction throughout the whole country, Norfolk's 
industrial interests are in just the condition to enter heartily and healthily 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 85 

upon the new era which is apparent in all divisions of manufacture and 
trade. 

, No industries have suffered more in consequence of the long financial 
strain which has been upon the country, than these, but with the unusual 
demand for iron and general revival of ore mining in the almost aban- 
doned districts of West Virginia, they have been re-invigorated. 

Possessed of large capital, enterprising and educated manufacturers, 
and skilled artisans, with manufactures of reasonable variety and of 
wide distribution, situated in proximity to the singularly rich iron, coal, 
timber, tobacco, corn and cotton districts, there is every reason w r hy, in 
the new era of industrial and commercial activity which has dawned, 
Norfolk should enter upon a period of business life which will greatly 
exceed in its results anything she has ever before accomplished. Upon 
visiting the different Iron Works, Boiler Shops, Foundries, and Marine 
Railways of the city, the greatest activity will meet the eye, vessels on 
the ways, others lying in the stream close by waiting in turn ; hammers 
striking with deafening regularity in the boiler shops ; the engine build- 
ing establishments working their full complement of hands trying to 
catch up with orders, and foundries operating to their full capacity. 

Being the central point for shipping, the building, overhauling and 
repairing of vessels should be carried on to a greater extent than at pres- 
ent, and yet the amount of work done annually in this line foots up to 
a large amount of money. The establishment of a Sectional Dry-dock 
company with from $200,000 to $250,000 capital, would doubtless pay 
its stockholders a handsome percentage upon their investment and render 
the industry of ship building &c, in Norfolk one of gigantic proportions. 

It has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of experts in the art, that 
vessels, especially wooden ones, can be built to better advantage and 
more cheaply here than at points farther North or South. The superior 
quality of Virginia ship timber, which is at all times preferable for the 
purpose, and which can be so readily and cheaply obtained in Norfolk, 
renders this truth at once apparent. With the addition of a few thousand 
dollars, the facilities already at hand for the prosecution of this great 
industry can be so improved upon as to create a business three times as 
great in volume as it is at present. 

Extensive buildings, machinery in excellent order, and all appliances 
necessary for the business can be found in many of the yards at Norfolk. 

With Eastern Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, this city enjoys 
an extensive trade in machinery, engines, boilers, &c, and the reputation 
which our manufacturers have in these districts, ensures for them each 
season enough orders to keep them operating their works with a full force. 



86 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



VIRGINIA 



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SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE " GODWIN PATENT 




HORIZONTAL @ VERTICAL 

ENGINE AND SAFETY BOILER, 

EITHER PORTABLE, SEMI-PORTABLE OR STATIONARY. 



All Bolters for Agricultural use are fitted with the " GODWIN PATENT 
FIRE ARRESTING ATTACHMENT " when desired, making 
the Engines ABSOLUTELY SAFE FROM FIRE. 



We are prepared to Build, at short notice and at rates that will compete 
with any establishment in the country, Marine and Stationary Engines, 

Boilers, Saw and Grist Mills, Locomotives for Wood and Iron Rail, 

Castings, Forgings, Shafting, Pulleys, Hangers, Iron Pipe, Boiler Tubes. 

Steam Pumps, Steam Yachts, &c, &c. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



87 



A 



'■ ?<* 




DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 



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Machinery of all kinds, new and second-hand, bought and sold 



88 



NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



iltef 



!MHt 






CHARLES W. PETTIT, Prop'r. 
Nos. 280 and 282 Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 

MANUFACTURER OF 

Steam Engines, Boilers, Saw and Grist Mills, 

SHAFTING, PULLEYS, HANGERS, FORGINGS & CASTINGS. 

Special attention given to the repair of STEAMBOATS and MACHINERY 
of all kinds. 

■^g- MACHINISTS and BOILER MAKEFS sent to any part of the country 
to repair work. 

old if tilt K f orotimt 

206 Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 

Manufactures every description of CASTINGS, Iron and Brass, at short 
notice and at Baltimore prices. 

No Extra charge for PATTERNS, of which I have an extensive variety. 

HIGHEST CASH PRICES PAID FOR OLD METALS. 



Wm. A. GRAVES, 
|team Sectional Jjjarine Railway, 

Lumber 
Manufacturer, 

Saw and Planing 

[ILLS, 




& 



ALL KINDS OF BRACKETS FURNISHED ON SHORT NOTICE, 

Nos. 211 and 212 Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 89 

GEO. W. DUVAL <fc CO., 

SOOTOtK WOU W0BK8, 

Cor. WATER AND NEBRRASKA STS., NORFOLK, VA. 

Engines^ Boilers, Saw Mills, 

AND ALL, KINDS OF 

MACHINERY of the MOST IMPROVED PATTERNS. 

ALSO REPAIRING AT THE SHORTEST NOTICE. 

«9~ PARTICTJEAK ATTENTION PAID TO STEAMBOAT WOEK.^ 

Duval's Patent BOILER TUBE FERRULES are the only perfect remedy for Leaky 
Boiler Tubes. They can be inserted in a few minutes by any Engineer, and are 
guaranteed to stop the leaks. 

SEEDSMEN, FLORISTS & NURSERYMEN. 

• 

■ck 

/L GREAT many people deny Florists a place among recognized and 
C7 V useful tradesmen, but when it is remembered that they are also 
Nurserymen, all will agree that they cultivate an art which requires 
special knowledge and special culture, and confer a great benefit upon 
the community. Too many people associate the Florist's business with 
marriage festivals or funerals, when they should be regarded in the 
light of those whose business it is to develop an art the practice of 
which makes our homes beautiful and bright. In the household, where 
the taste for flowers is indulged in as companions and sources of continual 
pleasure, the Florist is held in high favor as a most deserving tradesman. 

The floral gardens in and around this city have not been in operation 
many years, but have developed a profitable business and many rare 
plants not previously introduced have found favor and successful propa- 
gation in our midst. Fruit trees, &c, from every conceivable quarter 
and of every variety, have been experimented upon until those speciallv 
adapted to this climate and soil have been brought to a very high state 
of perfection. Persons who plant are not left to the exercise of their 
judgments unguided by experience in the selection of their trees, but 
can avail themselves of the experiments made by the Nurseryman. 

Seedsmen occupy to the farmer, almost the same position that the 
druggists do the inexperienced purchaser of their medicines — the farmer 
has to rely upon the judgment and integrity of the Seedsman, in many 
instances, as his only safeguards against loss of lime, labor and money. 

To build up v aud retain a large trade in this business, requires the 
most careful, conscientious regard upon the dealer's part for the interest 
and welfare of his patrons, together with a thorough knowledge of every 



90 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

detail associated with the prosecution of the business as buyer, planter 
and gatherer. The honorable distinction which our Seedsmen have 
achieved, points unmistakably to the fact that they have pursued their 
calling upon those principles, or they would never have gathered around 
them the confidence and patronage of such a large and prosperous class 
of farmers and truckers as abound in the vicinity of Norfolk. Four 
Florists and Nurserymen, and two Seedsmen, supply the local trade, and 
large orders are being shipped daily to the West and South. 




GrEOKGE TAIT, 

IMPORTER OF AND DEALER IN 

emus*}, §mwfiv, rmwn, cm^im 

No. 7 Market Square, (East Side), Norfolk, Va. 



RAILROAD, STEAMBOAT 9 MACHINISTS' 

SUPPLIES. 

ij&REAT improvements have been made in the business of Railroad, 
^Steamboat and Machinists' Supplies in Norfolk, during the past few 
vears. New firms have entered the field, larger stocks are kept by 
dealers, the trade generally has been brought to a higher state of organ- 
ization and made to increase the limits of its operations. The business 
derives its success from the sources upon which its title is founded, and 
when these sources are numerous, as is the case here, its growth is not at 
all a matter of surprise. 

Everything in this line can be bought here to-day at from 25 to 50 
per cent, less than they could six or eight years ago, in fact, competition 
and the increased demand for consumption have had a tendency to 
bring prices down, until dealers are satisfied with very small margins. 

Every article necessary for use on a Steamboat, Railroad or in the Machine 
Shop can be had here as cheaply as in any other city; and every improved 
device for use in any department of mechanics usually supplied from a 
Railroad, Steamboat and Machinists' Furnishing Establishment, can be 
obtained by simply applying to the houses in that line of business. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



91 



E. V, WHITE 
CHAS. SCHROEDER, 



Consulting and 
Marine Engineers. 



E. Y. WHITE & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS 

Railroad, Steamboat and Milll 



IRON, STEEL, OILS, PAINTS AND CORDAGE, 

STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS, TOOLS AND MACHINERY, BELTING, PACKING, 

LACE LEATHER, COPPER RIVETS AND BURS, GUM AND LEATHER 

HOSE, WROUGHT IRON PIPE AND FITTINGS. 

GLOBE VALVES, STEAM COCKS, WHISTLES, OIL CUPS, WASTE, FILES, LAMPS, LANTERNS. 
WHITE AND RED LEADS, BOLTS. NUTS AND WASHERS. 

No. 12 COMMERCIAL ROW, (Near Ferry Wh'f.) 

NORFOLK, VA. 



>:. V. WHITE, 



CHAS. SCHROEDER. 



I* usi 






NEAR FERRY WHARF, NORFOLK, 

fganillat totttl Pgptuj Wnthp, 

Tar, Pitch, Rosin, Oakum and Turpentine, 

SHIP'S BLOCKS, 

PAINT OILS AND PAINT BRUSHES, 

LANTERN, SIDE AND BOW LIGHTS, &e. 



92 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 




i> 

O 



Ul 

d 
55 





o 
W 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 93 

SASH, DOORS AND BLINDS. 



fHE many Saw and Planing Mills, their stacks towering high above 
the ordinary buildings that line the shores of the rivers and smaller 
streams in the vicinity of Norfolk, contribute their quota of material of 
this character every year for home use or re-shipment to other districts. 
All along the banks of the Elizabeth River, up the railroads, canals or 
tributary waters, and in the midst of the thick timber regions of 
Virginia and North Carolina, are situated these mills innumerable. 
Millions of feet of lumber and building material, yearly find Nor- 
folk a ready and convenient market. The quality of this material is 
too well known and fills too important a place in building circles, to 
require elaborate mention at our hands. Contractors find no occasion 
to seek other markets in order to complete their contracts, as the manu- 
facture of Sash, Window Frames, Doors, Blinds and Mouldings, of every 
conceivable shape and size, is here carried on so extensively that they 
can be had at satisfactory rates and without unusual notice. 

The trade has received fresh impetus of late in consequence of a revival 
in house building, measuring in growth favorably with that of other 
cities, at the same time keeping up to the standard established by other 
factories. 

Where a visit to these establishments is not convenient, it is only 
necessary to forward to them a description of material required, in order 
to obtain estimates compatible with quality and sound business principles. 



100 & 102 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 

RECEIVER AND SHIPPER OF ALL KINDS 

BUILDING AND FINISHING LIMES, 

SiKETiTi ULiTIIYXIErS., 

Portland, Roman, Keene's and Rosendale Cements; 

CALCINE, DENTAL, CASTING AND LAND PLASTER; 

Itorble Puet, (Eoul Pust, £ atfjs, lire (Elatn 

PRESS, ANGLE, CORNICE, FIRE, PAVING AND BUILDING BRICKS, 

TAR, ROSIN, SLATES, &c, 

S&" Special Rates in Freights and Prices for wholesale lots. 



94 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

OUR FOREIGN TRADE. 



HE unrivalled facilities possessed by our port as a great exporting 
centre for the Southern and Western States, are gradually being 
developed, and since 1873-4, have made substantial progress until now 
there are two Steam Freight Lines plying between Norfolk and Liverpool 
during the cotton season, giving us in the Fall months a semi-weekly 
Steamship, and in the winter and early Spring, a weekly Steamship from 
our port to England. 

The first Steamship which ever loaded at Norfolk for Liverpool, was 
the Steamship Ephesus, which in 1866 carried as part of her cargo 733 
bales of cotton, which was a greater amount of cotton than had been 
exported in all previous years from this port direct to Europe. The 
next year, two of our firms entered quite largely into the export of 
cotton by steam and sail, and 14,168 bales were sent to Europe. The 
trade next year fell off nearly one half, and gradually declined until 
1871-2, when only 4,687 bales were exported. The next season the 
quantity doubled, and in 1873-4 it assumed large proportions, nearly 
50,000 bales being exported either direct or by through bills of lading 
through Northern cities. Since then the growth of the export trade 
has been rapid, and in 1878—79, 535,383 bales were shipped direct by 
steam and sail from Norfolk to Europe. 

Messrs. William Lamb & Co., who were the pioneers in this direct 
trade, for two seasons had a line in connection with the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, the Steamers starting from Baltimore, calling here to 
finish loading for Liverpool. Afterwards they had a line of transient 
steamers under the Spanish and English flags, which contributed 
to the building up a trade which last season culminated in the establish- 
ment of the Liverpool, Memphis and Norfolk Steamship Line, which 
despatches first-class Iron Steamships during the cotton season at such 
intervals as the demands of the trade require. It is expected that this 
year, 1880, the line will have a continuous service to accommodate the 
Virginia tobacco and cattle trade through the Summer months. This 
line has connections through our railroads with the South and West by 
means of through bills of lading. 

Messrs. Reynolds Bros., who are among the largest cotton exporters 
in the United States, and who have also despatched transient steam and 
sail vessels for a number of years to Europe, established this season a 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 95 

freight line to Liverpool, called "The South Atlantic Steamship 
Line," which with its interior connections bids fair to become an estab- 
lished institution of great importance to our commerce. 

The firms of Messrs. Ricks & Milhado and Messrs. Barry Bros., have 
also contributed substantially in building up our direct export trade, 

James L. Harway, Esq., President of the Virginia Compress Com- 
pany, who is associated with the Liverpool, Memphis and Norfolk 
Steamship Line, and who has a line of first-class sailing vessels to 
Liverpool during the cotton season, has rendered great service in estab- 
lishing on a permanent basis our trade with Europe. 

In addition to the Virginia Compress Company and the Seaboard 
Compress Company, (Mess. Reynolds Bros., proprietors), two institutions 
absolutely essential to direct trade in the great staple, Messrs. Bain Bros., 
of Portsmouth, are about erecting two mammoth Cotton Compresses on 
their extensive wharves in Gosport, which are ultimately to be connected 
with our two great railroad systems, which through the Seaboard & 
Roanoke and Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroads, permeate the 
great cotton belt east of the Mississippi, and which through the Memphis 
and Little Rock Railroad will before long tap the Texas and West 
Mississippi cotton regions. 

The projected extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from 
Huntington to Lexington, and from Richmond to tide- water, will add 
to our exports the tobacco, grain, breadstuffs and meats of the North- 
west ; when the present fleet of Ocean Steamships leaving our waters for 
Liverpool and other European ports, will increase beyond the most 
sanguine expectations of our enterprising merchants. 

The following tables will illustrate the growth of our direct trade. It 
will be noticed that our exports for 1879, exceeded in value those of 
1870, $11,402,507. 

Direct shipments of cotton by bales, from Norfolk to Liverpool and the 
Continental ports from 1865 to 1880. 

1865-'6 - - - 733 bales. 1873-'4 - - - - 20,346 bales. 

1866-'7 - - - 14,168 " 1874'-5 - - - 67,212 " 

1867-'8 - - - 8,279 " 1875-'6 - - 108,683 " 

1868-'9 - - - 7,527 " 1876-'7 - - -116,855 "■ 

1869-'70 - - - 4,745 « 1877-'8 - - 159,357 " 

1870-'l - - - 5,142 " 1878, Jan. 1, to Dec. 

1871-'2 - - - 4,687 " 31, 1879 - - 535,383 " 

1872-\3 - - - 8.282 " 



96 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE : 





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ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 97 



MMWM&MBM MMBTMBMM 



$&j> 






AND. SHIPPERS OF 



Cotton, Grain # Naval Stores, 



AND 






ALSO AGENTS OF 



SOUTH ATLANTIC STEAMSHIP LINE 

TO LXVEBPOOL, 



LIVERPOOL, MEMPHIS II NORFOLK STEAMSHIP LINE. 

♦ 

Consisting of First-class Freight Steamers consigned to William Lamb A' 

Co., of Norfolk, Va., to load on berth for Liverpool England. 

Splendid A. 1 Spanish Steamship ALAVA, . . . 2,244 Tons. 

" « •« BUENAVENTURA, - 1,7G3 « 

« « « EMILIANO, - - - 2,098 " 

« « " TRURACBAT, - - 2,197 " 

« « British " EUPHRATES, - - - 2,025 " 

<» «« •« « EGBERT, - - - 1,717 " 
Aim! other A. 1 Iron Steamships. 

Through Bills of Lading. — Our arrangements with the Atlantic, Mississippi 
and Ohio Railroad enables us to collect freight at best current rates, at 
Atlanta, Memphis, Montgomery, Seluaa, and all points in Tennessee, North 
Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia. Our arrangements with the Seaboard 
and Roanoke enable us to collect from Augusta, Charlotte, Raleigh, 
Wilmington, and all points in North and South Carolina and Georgia. 
With the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad we have through bill of Lading 
from Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Ky., and contiguous points. By 
coastwise lines we can collect freight on most favourable terms from Savannah, 
Alexandria, Richmond, and other ports. 

Correspondence in regard to shipments of freight to Liverpool solicited. 

Steamships of the line are prepared to contract for carrying cattle. 

WILLIAM LAMB & CO.. 

GENERAL AGENTS. NORFOLK. VA. 



98 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

WILLIAM LAMB & CO., 

Ship I Steamship Agents, 

GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

BRANCH OFFICE, FORT MONROE, HAMPTON ROADS. 



We use Scott's Code, edition of 1878, and Anglo-American Steamship Cable 

Code. 




ALLAN and NORTH GERMAN LLOYDS Steamship Lines, 

Issuing Through Bills of Lading from Norfolk to 
LIVERPOOL, BREMEN, AND OTHER EUROPEAN PORTS. 

"LIVERPOOL, MEMPHIS UNO NORFOLK STEAMSHIP LINE," 

Consignment of First-class Freight Steamers solicited, to load upon this 
Line. Ships chartered from all ports of the United States. 

CO^LHsTO- DEPOT. 

Steamships consigned to us supplied with best Steam Coals, and quick 
dispatch in harbor or at Quarantine Station at lowest rates. 

DISTRESSED VESSELS. — Consignments of distressed vessels solicited 
•and satisfaction guaranteed. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 99 



Steamship Agents, Ship Brokers 

AND 

GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

NORFOLK, VA. 

OFFICES, NORFOLK CITY AND HAMPTON ROADS, VA. 

Vice Consulates of Great Britain Netherlands aud Brazil. 

Agents for Lloyd's, Liverpool, Glasgow, Italian, Dutch, French and Austrian 
Underwriters. 
Cahle Address, "MYERS," Norfolk. 



STOVES AND TINWARE. 



HE growth and development of the Stove and Tinware business, 
have of late years been most gratifying, and the houses at present 
engaged in it carry larger and more complete assortments than ever 
before. Like other trades, it has responded promptly to the demand for 
improved appliances for the promotion of luxury or comfort, and new 
designs in stoves, heaters, ranges and tin utensils, are constantly claiming 
meritorious positions in the long list already before the people. 

The largest and best foundries in the United States send their 
products here, while the tin manufacturers of the country find Norfolk 
a strong drawer upon their productive resources. Passing almost any 
of the shops here one cannot fail to be impressed with the activity of 
the trade, as evidenced by the general stir of employees in the sales- 
rooms, and the din of the workingmen's hammers resounding from the 
upper stories of these large, and handsome buildings. 

The business is represented by five firms, in excellent standing, and 
their capital is estimated to be between $80,000 and $100,000, besides 
a great many smaller ones of which no account is made. 

The trade continues to increase, and the addition of improved facilities 
every season for manipulating it preclude a diminution in the future, 
while purchasers continue to realize the fact that prices, styles and terms 
are identical with those of other cities. 



too 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



CITY STOVE HOUSE, ESTABLISHED 1838. 



Vt 



J%?$ 



MANUFACTURERS OF AND JOBBERS IN 



Stoves and Tin-ware, 

Cor. Water Street and Roanoke Square. 



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BOYNTON'S, BIBBS', 

AND 

OLDEN SUN FIRE PLACE 



'* 



OF HAND, 
PUT UP BY THROUGHLY EXPERIENCED WORKMEN. 

CALL AND EXAMINE OUR GOODS BEFORE 
PURCHASING- ELSEWHERE. 

AT THE OLD STAND. 

3D. S. CHBE/BY & CO., 

Cor. ROANOKE SQUARE AND WATER STREET NORFOLK. VA. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



101 



MAPP & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN 

Plain, Japanned and Stamped 

TIN-WARE. 




Lamp! House-furnishing Goods, 

METALLIC ROOFING, 

106 Water St., N.W. Cor. Roanoke Sqr., 
NORFOLK, VA. 



102 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 

BOOTS AND SHOES. 



M HE Boot and Shoe Trade of Norfolk, is one of very great and 
^ yearly increasing importance. Low rates and superior shipping- 
facilities between this city and Boston, have had an important bearing 
upon the growth and present prosperity of this trade, so much so, that 
houses here can and do compete with other markets in goods of Eastern 
manufacture. Southern and South-western buyers have begun to realize 
the fact, that prices here are in many instances identical with those at the 
factories, and often less, as our dealers buy in large quantities and when 
the market is dull, while the smaller dealer or the dealer farther South, 
does not make his purchases until the season has fully opened, and then 
in smaller quantities. Thus it is that Norfolk Boot and Shoe Houses 
obtain all the advantages offered by an advanced market, and can aiford 
to extend more liberal terms to those who buy later and in smaller lots. 
We have here five wholesale houses, and about twelve retail, requiring 
a combined capital of nearly three hundred thousand dollars to conduct 
them. This amount is in continual activity, and manipulated by men 
of broad business ideas and sterling integrity — men who are intimately 
acquainted with the wants of the trade, and thorougly understand their 
business in its most minute details. Their annual sales are large, and 
through the agency of a competent corps of travelling salesmen, many 
thousands of dollars worth of goods are bought by merchants in the 
South who rarely if ever visit the market. 

While Norfolk's principal trade does not extend beyond the Carolinas, 
through this one branch her reputation has far exceeded the limits marked 
out by less enterprising and narrower-viewed dealers. 

Bills bought here are guaranteed duplicates of regular Northern 
prices, and dealers are cordially invited to satisfy themselves by a 
personal examination. 



SMITH BT. BRICKHOUSE, 

WHOLESALE 

$OOt$ A*f*> SSOSS, 

Corner Water and Commerce Streets, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 103 

WHITEHEAD, SON & CO., 

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

BOOTS and SHOES, 

Nos. 4 and 6 Market Square, 

JOHN B. WHITEHEAD, \ 

$&ESSBS£* NORFOLK, VA. 

C. C. RICHARDSON. ) 



MARKETS. 



«&ITUATED in the centre of such a magnificent trucking or garden - 
Cf ing region, it naturally follows that Norfolk Markets should 
contain every choice vegetable grown in this section — which they do — 
besides the finest fish, oysters and game that abound in tide- water 
Virginia. 

We have now three large market houses, where every delicacy from the 
choicest South-west Virginia beef, to the luscious tropical fruits can be 
had. 

Throughout the city are scattered stores denominated "green groceries," 
which are supplied regularly by country wagons with fresh vegetables, 
poultry and meats. 



•»-CHAPEL STREET MAEKET. 

W. St. DAV18. 

DEALER IN 

Choice Family Groceries, Fruits? 

VEGETABLES, PROVISIONS, &c. 

No. 105 Chapel Street, Norfolk, Virginia. 



PROVISION DEALERS, 

No. 1 1 Commercial Row, Norfolk, Va. 

Butter received direct from the DAIRIES. 

We are agents for L. B. Darling's PIGS' FEET and TRIPE. 



104 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 





§ 



Cor. Church and Queen Sts., 

NORFOLK, VA. 



This MARKET is conducted on the same principles as the City Market. 
Everything in the way of 

Meats, Fowls, Fish, 

OYSTERS AND VEGETABLES, 

Can be had FRESH and CHEAP, any hour in the day. In connec- 
tion with the Market is a 

I^irst-Olass 




w\ SW- 



vw *» 




fOiC 





""AlKt-tJUT MmMuEm * , 

Where families can be supplied with eyerything needed and at 

BOTTOM PRICES. 



E. M. QUIMBY. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 105 



C0TT0N.--C0MMISSI0N. 



** M OTTON is King, and Norfolk is one of the King's best cards." 
^ She ranks to-day, third in the markets of America, and a most 
gratifying increase in her receipts is visible every year. 

Savannah and New Orleans are the only two markets for this staple 
that exceed her in importance. She has attained her present proud 
position, not only through the instrumentality of her great natural 
advantages, but through the activity and uncpuestioned stability of her 
commission houses, who have, in the control of extensive capital, now 
about two millions of dollars, devoted their best energies and business 
tact toward attracting the attention of producers and shippers to her vast 
and superior facilities for handling this King production of the soil. 

Prior to, and indeed just after the late war, very little cotton sought 
Norfolk as a market ; but when the current did set in, it swelled with 
unprecedented rapidity, until now the cotton business of Norfolk has 
assumed such immense proportions that it may be considered the corner- 
stone to her present fame and future greatness as a commercial city. 
Thousands of laborers find constant employment, and millions of dollars 
are yearly circulated in our midst. Three compress machines, with 
capacity for compressiug about seven thousand bales per week each, are 
kept going night and day, Sunday excepted, and yet plenty of work 
can be had for two more. These machines reduce the bales to about 
one-third of their original size, enabling them to be more easily packed 
into the vessels awaiting them at the wharves. 

A view of a section of the city's water front on page 47 presents a 
scene which can be witnessed at any time, during the season, of vessel 
loading for European markets. 

In 1874, the" "Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange" was 
organized. The rooms are on Water street in the new and elegant 
warehouse recently erected by Messrs. Reynolds Bros., and are readily 
accessible to railroad depots and steamboat landings. These rooms are 
frequented by members who consult the various black-boards, upon 
which are chalked the prices, sales, &c, in the principal cotton centres of 
the world. The. figures determined upon by authority of the Exchange 
by members in committee, are the only figures recognized by the 
" National Cotton Exchange. " The establishment of the Telephone 
Exchange has greatly facilitateel the business of the Cotton Exchange, 



106 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

;md to a great extent superseded the old system of sending reports by 
carriers. 

The following table shows the cotton receipts at Norfolk since 1858. 
Those covering the years from 1858 to 1870, are substantially correct, 
and were taken from records compiled by Messrs. C. W. Grandy & 
Sons, the Cotton Exchange possessing no official records prior to its 
organization in 1874: 

Receipts each year of Cotton at this Port since 1858. 

1858-'9 - - - 6,174 bales. I 1870-'l - - 302,930 bales. 
1859- , 60 - - 17,777 " 1871-'2 - - 258,730 " 

1860-'l - - - 33,193 " I 1872-'3 - - 405,412 



War between the States). 
1865-'6 - - 59,096 
1866-7 - - 126,287 
1867-'8 - - 155,591 
1868-'9 - - 164,789 
1869-70 - - 178,352 



1873-'4 - - 472,446 

1874-'5 - - 392,235 

1875-'6 - - 470,098 

1876-7 - - 509,671 

1877-'8 - - 429,207 

1878- 7 9 - - 443,285 



Besides the commission houses and regular buyers for New England 
manufacturers, there are a number of representatives of English and 
Greek houses located in Norfolk. 

The Scientific American indulges in the following figures concerning 
last year's crop, and which may be interesting to those who have little 
idea of the capital and labor employed, or the great bearing which the 
industry has upon commerce and trade generally: 

"A crop of 5,000.000 bales, averaging three acres to produce a bale, would be 
15,000,000 acres, at $8 per acre, $120,000,000. One mule or horse to 25 acres, 800,000 
mules, at $90, $72,000,000. Implements, harness, etc., and machinery, §50,000,000. 
Showing a permanent investment of $242,000,000. 

" Averaging three bales per hand would require 1,606,666 laborers, to feed and clothe 
which, for a year with their dependents, would average $50 each, $82,666,667. To feed 
team at $40 per mule, 800,000 mules, $32,000,000. Cost of bagging and ties at $1.40 
per bale, $7,000,000. Cost of marketing crop at 1} cents per pound would give 
$25,000,000. Working capital, $146,777,777. Average price expected for present crop, 
at 11 cents per pound, for 2,000,000,000, $220,000,000. 

Recapitulation: Now we have — permanent investment of planters, $242,000,000 ; 
working capital, $145,777,777. Total capital invested exclusively in cotton cultiva- 
tion, this estimate being made for the share system and not for wages, $388,777,777. 

" Amount received for total crop, $220,000,000, which is equally divided between 
the planters and laborers. Planters therefore receive $1 10,000.000— from which 
deduct feed for team, $32,000,000; half cost bagging and ties, $3,500,000; half 
marketing crop as chargeable to planter, $12,500,000 ; 20 per cent, in loss and 
decreased value of stock, $14,400,000 ; 20 per cent, in loss and decreased implements 
and machinery, $10,900,000— total $72,400,000. Repairing fences, houses, etc., 
at 10 per cent, on permanent investment, $12,000,000. Taxes on permanent invest- 
ment, 3 per cent., $7,200,000. Deduct these amounts from the planter's share of crop, 
$110,000,000, which shows planter's profit on total investment for cotton alone is 4{ 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 107 

per cent., provided we get 11 cents for cotton, make 5,000,000 bales and the laborer 
pays his accounts in full. Laborers' share of crop, $110,000,000 ; amount chargeable 
for food and clothes, $82,666,667 ; showing a profit for the laborers of $27,333,333. 

" It will thus be observed that the laborer receives $27,000,000 on investment on 
nothing but his muscle, while the planter receives $18,000,000 on an investment of 
$388,000,000 and his services. 

" Now we will omit the details of the number of slices that are plucked by the 
wayside, and suppose our crop has reached the factory, simply saying that $25,000,000 
more lias been added thereby to the price to be paid by the manufacturer since it 
landed at the seaport from the planter. Our 5,000,000 bales now begin to loom up 
and assume some importance, for they run 12,500,000 spindles, which require nearly 
$1,000,000 in building, machinery and working capital, and employ 800,000 operatives 
and employes. The manufactured goods are sent to every part of the known world, 
creating a trade reciprocal business that can hardly be estimated, but without doing 
which, as can be easily seen, it will reach into the billions. 

" You can form no estimate of the number of banks, insurance companies, and trades 
of all sorts that are sustained in all the ramifications of this immense traffic, to say 
nothing of the fact that it serves to establish the equilibrium of the world's exchange 
and gives to the United States the balance of trade. Of course it can only be 
question of time when the South will manufacture nearly if not all the cotton it 
raises. Circumstances may delay it, and we may not live to see it, but it will come. " 

About 1748, seven bags of cotton, valued at S£. lis. 5d. per bag, 
were exported from Charleston, South Carolina, but it was not positively 
known to have been of native growth, although the founders of Georgia 
designed that it should be the principal product of that State, and in 
1734, a gentleman sent a few seed to the trustees. In 1790, seed sold in 
Charleston for three shillings per pound and cotton was worth from 90 
cents to $2.00 per pound. Gins were invented in 1742, improved by 
different people in 1772, 1788, 1790; but Elias Whitney was the first 
patentee — 1794. In 1788, a resident of Georgia stated in a letter to a 
friend in Philadelphia, that he had heard of a machine that would gin 
from 30 to 40 pounds of cotton per day and requested that one be bought 
and sent him without regard to cost. 

Only 3 bales of cotton were shipped from New York, 4 from Mary- 
land and Virginia and three barreh from North Carolina, to Liverpool 
in 1770, and from 1785 to 1790, 216,150 pounds were exported from 
the United States. South Carolina exported over a million dollars 
worth in 1795, the total product of the country being 8,000,000 pounds, 
and in 1801, 48,000,000. 

A glance at the table under head of exports from 1870 to 1879, page 96, 
will convince the reader of Norfolk's wonderful growth as a cotton market 
and export city. In 1870 she exported cotton valued at $675,876.00, 
and in 1879, $11,778,181. In November 1878, $1,606,574 worth of 
cotton went direct to Europe from here, and in November 1879, the 
exports reached $3,059,654, being nearly double that of 1878. These 
figures do not include shipments made by through bills of lading issued 
by the different steamship lines and entered upon the Custom House 
books of Baltimore and New York. 



108 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 




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ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 109 

Commission Merchants, 

No. 104 WATER STREET, 
NORFOLK, VA. 



S. S. GRESHAM. S. S. GRESHAM, Jr. 



if 

General Commission Merchants, 

AND 

WHOLESALE PROVISION DEALERS, 
No. 94 Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 

Solicit consignments of all kinds of Country Produce. Will make liberal 
advances upon all consignments and guarantee full market prices. 

We refer to all our Wholesale Merchants and to the Exchange National 
Bank, of Norfolk, Va. 



J. W. PERRY, 

Successor to McGLAUHON & PERRY, 

COTTON FACTOR 

AND 

General Commission Merchant, 

Tunis' Warehouse and Wharf, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED. 



110 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

S. F. PEARCE. W. F. ALLEN. J. T. BORUM. 

PEARCE, ALLEN & BORUM, 

COTTON FACTORS, 

AND 

20 & 22 COMMERCE ST., NORFOLK, VA. 

* . 

Special Attention to sale of Cotton, Grain, Lumber, Peanuts, Peas, and 
all Country Products, 

wm s francs FRANCIS^ & BROTHER^ J FRANC,S 

Cotton Factors and Commission Merchants, 

TOWN P OINT, NORFOLK, VA. 

Solicit Consignments of Cotton, Peanuts, &c. Cash orders for Supplies promptly 
filled. Bagging and Ties at Lowest Market Prices. 

HOUSE ESTABLISH ED 1881. 

KADER BIGGS & CO.. 
General Commission Merchants and Cotton Factors, 

BICCS' WHARF, NORFOLK, VA. 

LIBERAL CASH ADVANCES ON CONSIGNMENTS. PROMPT SALES AND RETURNS 

UNLESS OTHERWISE INSTRUCTED. PRODUCE HELD IF DESIRED. 

SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID to the Sale of COTTON and all kinds of COUNTRY PRODUCE. 

Bagging and Ties Furnished on Liberal Terms. Consignments Respectfully Solicited 



HATS AND CAPS AND FURS 

• — - 

ALTHOUGH competition in this department of the jobbing trade of 
CTjv Norfolk is not so great as in others, it is a fairly active one, and 
extends over a large region of country. The houses here keep their 
salesmen out on the road nearly the whole year around, and while the 
business, viewed locally, is comparatively insignificant, it foots up into a 
large amount of dollars and cents. Every facility, advantageous to the 
trade, is enjoyed by our dealers, and their stocks are as full and complete 
as possible, so that they encounter no difficulty in suiting the tastes of 
all sections, upon terms as reasonable as any. 

Many improvements and a great deal of progress has been made in 
the Hat, Cap and Fur business of the city ; larger stocks, more complete 
stores, and an air of the most gratifying prosperity greet an observer, 
and its rapid growth more forcibly impresses those whose acquaintance 
with the trade extends back a few years. The most fashionable styles 
are displayed in well arranged windows that line the principal business 
streets of the city. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. Ill 

BOTTOM PBICES 

FOR 

HATS, CAPS, FURS, 

UMBRELLAS, CANES AND GLOVES, 

—AT— 

WM. STEVENS, "THE HATTER," 167 Main Street, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

BAKERIES. 



^MORFOLK supplies not only the "staff of life " but the choicest 
Cy kind of nic-nacs, to sections not alone near by, but to many very 
remote. The products of her Bakeries can be found in almost any port, 
and upon the shelves or behind the counters of our merchants ; these 
products ranging from the ordinary " medford," to the delicious and 
beautifully frosted wedding cakes. 

Progress is no more apparent in any industry than in this, and the 
many improvements recently made will justify that belief. Machinery, 
buildings, and every improved device has been added from time to time 
to make the industry one of the foremost in completeness in the city. 

That success has attended the efforts of our bakers, can best be attested 
by the fact that they work day and night forces, one relay of workmen 
relieving the other at 6 o'clock p.m. each day, and fires are kept up from 
early Monday morning until mid-night Saturday. As another evidence 
of the solid growth of this business, it may be well to mention that no 
failures have occurred, and those who commenced with limited capital 
and meagre facilities have continually enlarged their sphere of operations 
until they have put themselves into competition with the oldest and 
wealthiest establishments. 

Materials used in the prosecution of this business are bought from 
local dealers, and the fine quality, coupled with prices compatable with 
fairness, induces our jobbers to handle Norfolk made goods in preference 
to those of other cities. Thus it is, that one branch operates to the 
benefit of many others, and the spirit of " home patronage " is more 
strongly defined in this than any other trade. 

Nine Bakeries running here are estimated to employ $95,000 capital, 
exclusive of amounts invested in real estate. 



112 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

JAMES REIO. C. C. REID. W. T. NIMMO. 

NORFOLK 

STEAM BAKERY, 



ESTABLISHED 1856. 



JAMES REID & m 



'AJ 

Manufacturers of all kinds of Superior Excelsior 



BREAD, CAKES, CRACKERS, &c. 

No. 87 Main Street, 
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 

Factory, Holt's Lane and Elizabeth Street. 



N. 1>. Parties ordering their goods through their COMISSION 
MERCHANTS, will get them at FACTORY PRICES. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 113 

HARDWARE. 



G3T 



<& HE trade in Hardware takes its position amongst the most reliable 
and important in the country, and it is peculiarly a staple one. The 
various articles of manufacture upon which it is based are of positive 
use and enter into the daily necessities of the people. 

While New York has always been regarded as the distributing centre 
for hardware, especially imported goods, this city enjoys a local traffic of 
no small value or importance, and it is a well established fact that prices 
here are identical with those of Philadelphia or the former great city. 
Norfolk's connections with foreign and coastwise ports by steamships and 
sailing vessels of every conceivable character and capacity, have materially 
aided in rendering her an important point of entry for all classes of 
foreign goods, particularly hardware. Shipments are made from here, to 
dealers throughout the South and Southwest, and the number of new 
establishments and branches of old ones, is conclusive evidence of the 
prosperity and growth of the trade. The firms engaged in the business 
do most of their own importing, and the fact exists, without doubt, that 
they can and do sell as cheaply as any first- class dealers in the country, 
and every merchant in the district around Norfolk will sooner or later 
realize that he can do as well here as in any other city. About two 
hundred thousand dollars capital is distributed between six wholesale 
houses here. They are managed by gentlemen of eminent social and 
commercial worth. 



TAYLOR, ELLIOTT & WATTERS, 

ENGLISH, GERMAN AND AMERICAN 

HARDWARE 

Cor. Main Street and Market Square, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



'3 



114 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

FLOUR, FEED AND GRAIN. 



M HE fact that Norfolk is every day becoming more important as a 
^ manufacturing centre, is fully demonstrated by the growth of this 
business. 

A few years ago one mill satisfied the demand for home consumption, 
but at present there are three, supplied with every improved piece of 
machinery known in the milling business. The different brands of flour 
manufactured are first-class, and wherever introduced maintain their 
reputation for excellence. 

Prior to the war Norfolk was one of the principal corn markets of the 
country, being the shipping point for North Carolina and Eastern Vir- 
ginia, and farmers enjoyed great advantages over those of the West in 
transportation facilities. During the war the best grain producing lands 
in the two States were neglected, and have never been restored to their 
former fertility. Norfolk has, however, made some progress toward 
regaining her eminence in this trade, and sin annually exports large 
quantities of both wheat and corn. 

Since 1870, when the corn trade of Norfolk had gotten to about its 
lowest ebb, and when only $760 worth was shipped direct to Europe, it 
has gradually improved, and from that year until December 31st, 1879, 
the exports amounted to $958,382. Since the consolidation of the roads 
now constituting the A., M. & O. Road, Western grain has been received 
here in quantities showing a gratifying increase every year, and it is 
anticipated that these receipts will be still further augmented by the 
connection recently made by that road with the Cincinnati Southern. 
The short link between Huntington, West Virginia, and Lexington, 
Kentucky, being built by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company, 
and the proposed extension from Richmond to Norfolk, will give us an 
all rail route between Norfolk and the great grain growing region of the 
North-west. 

The expediency of establishing elevators in this port has been canvassed 
somewhat, and although the idea has never been practically applied, 
except in a meagre way, it is generally conceded that such an enterprise 
would prove profitable to investors, beneficial to the market, and 
further induce the products of the vast plains of the West to find at 
Norfolk their most accessible spot for shipment on this coast. When the 
connections referred to are in good operating condition, necessity will 
force the erection of these elevators. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 115 

e. m. gooor.oge. GOODRIDGE, FIELD & CO., 
Commission IMZerch^nts, 

UTo. 22 Roanoke Dock, Norfolk, Ta. 

We make Flour and Grain specialties, but also give personal attention to all 
consignments. Having first-class storage facilities, we are prepared to take goods 
entrusted to our care at very low rates. Correspondence, as to values in either buying 
or selling (especially of Breadstuff's) solicited, to which prompt attention will be given. 

Our Flour and Grain Brokerage Department is under special care of one of the 
firm. An experience of twelve years in the above specialties, justifies the opinion of 
our being able to be of service to any having business in that line in this market. 

We respectfully refer to Hon. John B. Whitehead, Prest. Ex. Nat. Bank ; P. A. 
Wiley, Esq., Cashier Citizens' Nat Bank, Raleigh, N. C; Col. Walter H. Taylor, Prest, 
Marine Bank ; Mess. Seevers & Anderson, Baltimore ; Mess. Rogers & Pendleton, N.Y. 



EVANS * BURWELL, 

_ DEALERS IN 

Fx.oxrxt. GritJh.xnr, «3feo.„ 

GENERAL AGENTS 

" STANDARD FERTILIZER COMPANY," 
No. 24: Roanoke Square, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



BOOKS AND STATIONERY. 



'7jL MONG the many interests that have kept pace with the progressive 
CJ\ step of the day, and with the improvements in every branch of 
our city's trade, that of Books and Stationery deserves honorable mention. 
The increase in numbers of stores and apparent success achieved by 
each firm engaged in the business, indicates in a measure, the advanced 
literary culture of our people, and their demand for well selected stocks 
of School, Law, Medical, Agricultural, Theological, Scientific and 
Miscellaneous Books, as well as their appreciation of choice American 
and Foreign Literature. For well selected assortments and handsomely 
arranged stocks of Books, Stationery and Fancy Articles, usually found 
in well kept establishments, Norfolk can claim inferiority to none, and 
indeed, she can boast superiority over almost any city of her size in the 
country. Her progi'essin this special branch is more remarkable in view 
of the fact that since the organization of the Norfolk Library Association, 
a large patronage by general readers has been drawn from our stores to 
the well filled shelves and comfortable rooms in the Association's build- 
ing, corner Bank and Charlotte streets. 



116 * NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

C. HALL WINDSOR, 

No. 5 Bank Street, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



FINE STATIONERY! 

The finest and most complete assortment in the City. 

BL41I BOOKS! 

From the smallest Pocket Memorandum to the largest 

IUKS! 

School and House Sizes ; the Best Makes. 

FEUS! 

All Styles and Qualities. 

BIBLES, 

SCHOOL BOOKS, 
MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE TO ORDER ONLY, 
ARTISTS' MATERIALS, 

MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
The best quality of goods for 

Ladies', Merchants, Bankers or Students, 

No. 5 Bank Street. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 117 

INSURANCE. 



T 

JlNSURANCE dates back so remotely that it is impossible to tell by 
' whom it was originally instituted. Marine Insurance, however, 
became a regular business in 1794 or '95, when the first companies were 
organized. In England, during the preceding years, when a merchant 
desired to insure a vessel or cargo, it was the custom for the party 
soliciting the insurance to post in a conspicuous place the name, character 
and destination of the vessel, and capitalists, who desired to take the 
risk, would write their names under the advertisement, together with the 
amounts they were willing to venture, thus originated the term 
" Underwriters. " 

The establishment of large corporations, having immense capital, and 
a management of recognized ability and judgment, which, through a 
series of years declared large dividends, led to the inauguration of many 
enterprises of like character ; a few succeeded in securing a permanent 
footing while others were short-lived and early bankrupted. So inti- 
mately associated with mercantile pursuits of every kind has the business 
of Insurance become, that no prudent, cautious merchant will omit the 
premium necessary to secure a policy of sufficient amount to insure him 
against serious loss by fire, from his annual estimate of expenses. If he 
thinks the profits of his business will not afford the payment of 
premiums, he has no right to enter into such a business, for unless he 
possesses large capital, part of his losses, should any occur, are bound to 
fall upon his creditors. Frequently men of fair business ideas upon 
general subjects, who control vast enterprises and live in luxury, upon 
the profits therefrom, but who do not appreciate the benefits of the 
protection offered by our solid Insurance Companies, are, through the 
carelessness of an employee or by the incendiary's torch, reduced to 
almost absolute poverty, within the twelve hours between sunset and its 
rise. 

Life Insurance offers incalculable advantages to those, who by reason 
of expensive families, large dependences or extravagant tastes, cannot put 
aside a portion of their incomes. A small amount paid for premiums 
upon such a policy will scarcely be missed, and yet it provides for one's 
family, satisfies creditors and leaves one's estate unembarrassed in the event 
of death. In placing insurance, these important considerations present 
themselves : Is the company a solvent one, and does it cancel its policies 
promptly, or after a long course of litigation, and is the agent reliable? 



118 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



The various branches of Insurance, whether Fire, Life or Marine, 
are well represented in Norfolk, if the highly honorable names and 
distinguished social and mercantile positions of some of the agents are 
calculated to create such an opinion. 

The different companies now doing business in Norfolk, have always 
adjusted their losses promptly, and very rarely does it require the inter- 
vention of our courts to obtain an equitable settlement between policy 
holders and the companies. There is only one strictly local company in 
Norfolk, but it is directed by the best business talent in the State, and 
has, since its incipiency, met, with most gratifying success, satisfactory to 
ts patrons and profitable to its projectors. 



JAMES L. COBLEY, 
Fire, Life and Marine Insurance Agent, 

128 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
REPRESENTS 



The British America Fire Insurance Co. 
The Connecticut Fire Insurance Co. 
The Watertown Fire Insurance Co. 
The Washington Life Insurance Co. 



The Royal Fire Insurance Co. 
The Imperial and Northern Fire Insurance Co. 
The London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Co. 
The Westchester Fire Insurance Co. 



s^r Assets Represented over Seventy-Five Millions, -"©a 

Prompt Attention to Business. Fair Rates. Good Companies. 

C. A. RICHARDSON, Solicitor. 




Insurance Company 



OF NORFOLK, YA. 



Gash Capital and Assets, $171,709.69 



W r . II. TAYLOR, 
CHARLES REI1). 
W. IT. PETERS, 
L. HARM ANSON, 
E. A. HATTON. 



DIRECTORS: 

C. B. DIIFFIELD, 
W. W. GWATIIMEY. 
W. A. S. TAYLOR. 
L. R. WATTS, 

OR. II. M. STASH, 



WM. II. BURROUGHS. 
J. T. BORUM, 
WM. IT. WHITE* 
RICH'D II. BAKER, 
GEORGE M'lXTOSII. 



W. H. TAYLOR. President. 



W. TALBOT WALKE, Secretary. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 119 

WALKE & SON, 




INSI7KANCE AGENTS, 



NORFOLK, VA. 



A. M. VAUCHAN & SON, 

General Insurance Agents and Brokers, 

No. 96 MAIN STREET. 

We furnish the best Foreign and Domestic Insurance, Fire, Life, and Marine, at 
current rates. 



DAVID HUMPHREYS^ 

Hill Siliii tai Iwwtaie A§wft» 

SIXTY-ONE MILLIONS ASSETS REPRESENTED. 

Post Office Box, 625. NORFOLK, VA. 



REAL ESTATE. 



ITH an increase of trade comes the demand for an increase in 
facilities for its management, and the real estate interest dependent 
largely upon the business prosperity of the city, has not been slow to 
respond to the requirements of the day. Old, dilapidated buildings 
have been superseded by handsome warehouses, constructed, not only 
with a view to their internal fitness for business, but to their durability 
and general outward beauty of finish. Many valuable sites now occupied 
by handsome iron front and press brick stores have been so greatly 
improved that they are almost unrecognizable, except with those who 
have witnessed the changes as they gradually occurred. 

In the past four years about 500 buildings have been erected at a cost 
of over half a million of dollars, and each year the spirit of improvement 
takes more tangible shape. 



1 20 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

Like everything else real estate in Norfolk suffered in consequence of 
the depression and depreciation in values of every character during the 
past few years, but now that the revival is at hand it will rise with like 
sympathetic velocity and exceed in ready value all estimates heretofore 
put upon it. 

In residences, the tenement system of building has been adopted and 
found popular with tenants and profitable to owners. 

The Assessor's books show the assessments since 1877 to have been : 

1877 Buildings and Lots - - - $8,576,130.00 

1878 " " " - 8,703,895.50 

1879 " " - 8,775,416.00 

Since this last assessment many thoroughfares have been repaired with 
Belgian blocks and rendered more desirable, increasing the market value 
of the property situated along them, and, although the assessment for 
1880 will probably fall below that of 1879, the reduction will not be 
very great. 

Along the water fronts, where the receding tide formerly left the river 
bed exposed, the most commodious wharves have been built, and the 
property in their vicinity doubled in value. 

In the county, property has greatly declined in value, some of the 
finest truck farms, in the most improved condition, are offered at very 
little beyond the cost of their improvements, in ihe way of outbuildings, 
enclosures, &c. Norfolk county property is assessed at $3,370,000, in 
round numbers. In the absence of a Real Estate Exchange it is a 
difficult matter to obtain reliable data as to the transactions in this line, 
for any given period, but suffice to say that they are large and frequent, 
and the majority of sales have been effected by the different auction 
houses in the city, who issue exhaustive circulars upon the subject, 
explaining the situation, character and price of the property booked by 
them as in the market. 



JAS. Y. LEIGH. GEORGE W. GORDAN. 






GENERAL 



Auctioneers and Real Estate Agents, 

112 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK. VA. 



Parties desiring to purchase or sell City and County Property, are invited 

to examine our lists. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



121 



WINES AND LIQUORS. 



HIS trade is divided between five well to do wholesale houses, with 
between one hundred and one hundred and twenty five thousand 
dollars capital. Of course, the amount annually sold, and which is laro-e, 
does not enter wholly into the retail business of thecitv, but is shipped to 
the different markets contiguous to Norfolk. Besides the receipts at this 
port of imported liquors, including French and German wines, and all 
classes of fermented liquors, the Bourbon and Corn Whiskies of the 
West constitute a large portion of the stock in store. Since the war, 
however, grades of Eastern made Rye have largely superseded the excel- 
lent Kentucky distilled whiskies, in the public taste, and every year the 
preponderence of demand is in favor of the former. 

In the adjoining State of North Carolina, where extensive orchards 
yield their abundance for conversion into Brandy, many gallons are 
distilled every season, and yet the mountain distilleries of Virginia while 
keeping up their regular contributions to the home trade, send their 
choice " Dews " to satisfy the cultivated tastes of our neighbors. 

The wholesale liquor dealers of Norfolk have acquired a reputation 
with the trade not easily destroyed, and it serves them well in securing 
first-class customers wherever their goods are offered for sale, as well as 
to retain customers who have been dealing with them for yeai's. 



S. "W. SiELIDlsriEilR,, 

Wholesale 3Ui^uor Stoaler 

21 ROANOKE SQUARE, NORFOLK, VA. 

8Sg°* All orders promptly attended to. Satisfaction guaranteed. ~HM 



f 



JOHIT VIEiE^^XLLIOJSr, 



No. 4 ATLANTIC HOTEL, NORFOLK, VA. 






SIC. BU WOODI 

DEALER IN 

COINfI3II¥IEI*TS T «feC. 

No. 8 BANK STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 



tii IBfefiiffi^ffr] 



122 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

ROBERT PORTIERE 



Brewed expressly for Export and Family Use, in Kegs and Bottles, in all styles, 
convenient for Shipping or Home use. 

No . 83 Ma i n Street , Norfolk , Va. 

44 and 46 BANK STREET, 

IK^E.A.TliSra- &C IB^IjIDWIIN". 



Lynnhaven Oysters and Game of all kinds in season. Boarding and lodging at 
moderate rates. Also Ladies' Dining Rooms. 



JOSEPH KLEPPER'S 

AND 

BILLIAED ROOMS, 
143 and 145 Church Street, (Oppo. Opera House). 

Daily Orchestrion Concerts, from 4 to 5 p. m., and 7 to 12 evenings. A 
great novelty ! A full Brass Band, with select music. The best place in 
the citv to spend a pleasant time. A respected public invited. 

JOSEPH KLEPPER. 



CLOTHING AND GENT'S FURNISHINGS. 



EW cities outside of the great centres can compare with Norfolk in 
the elegance of her clothing stores and the select quality of the goods 
which are displayed by her dealers. 

The spirit of improvement has been caught up by these merchants, 
rusty establishments and ill assorted stocks have been superseded by 
magnificent buildings and such a fine line of goods as would do credit to 
the wealthiest and most prosperous city in the Union. One house took 
the initiative in the way of a general improvement and the balance 
followed, until our principal thoroughfare will scarcely be recognized by 
people who make only periodical visits to the city, and are not here to 
witness these improvements as they progress. A great deal of money has 
been thus made to contribute to the artistic attractions of the city, and 
liner, larger stocks are necessary in order to be in keeping with interior 
decorations and increased capacity of these houses. 



ITS- PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND. TRADES. 12o 

'■' It is understood that in New York and other larger cities, stocks are 
larger and capital employed greater than in cities the size of Norfolk, but 
it is also understood that these stoeks are not specially adopted to any 
particular section or climate and were prepared to supply any market, 
while the goods brought here by our jobbers and retailers are designed 
especially for this section of country ; those of our jobbers who manu- 
facture, their goods receive advance plates, and when the prevailing styles 
have been announced they will have been found to have anticipated them 
and ready to supply the trade with goods of the most fashionable design. 
Their cloths are generally bought direct from the mills, except the 
imported goods, which are received through importers. 

With an aggregate capital of one hundred and eighty thousand dollars 
the immense business is carried on by five clothing houses, who have a 
merchant tailoring department, and twenty firnis doing.exclusively the 
latter branch of the business. Many of these establishments are conducted 
by men who have had practical experience in every department of the 
business, are thorough artists in their line and occupy responsible 
positions in mercantile circles. As a class they do a good business — a 
business that increases yearly. 




DEALERS IN 

MEN'S YOUTHS' AND BOYS' 

Fine, Medium ^ Low-Grade Clothing 

AND 

GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS, &C. 
No. 124 Main Street, Norfolk, Va. 



Suits made to order from JESSUP & CO.'S and DEVLIN & CO.'S 
Samples. First-class work and satisfaction guaranteed. 

A fine assortment of FISK, CLARK & FLAGG'S Kid Gloves and 
Neck Wear. 

We carry the largest and most select stock of MEN'S FURNISHING 
GOODS in the city" 

MST Orders by mail receive prompt attention. 



124 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

JOS. SALOMONSKY. M. E. MYERS. 



Merchant Tailors 

WEST END, UNDER ATLANTIC HOTEL, 



AGENTS FOE THE CELEBRATED 

True Fit Shirt, Patent Pantaloon Drawers, 



AND 



EUS8IAN BRACES. 



H Illttii Is 



m 



SMOKING JACKETS, ROBES d'CHAMBER, 

And all styles of garments for gentlemen, made to order. 

fl^~ Naval Trimmings a Specialty. ~^a 



MARBLE YARDS. 



?ERY striking is the contrast between the highly artistic forms 
produced in marble now, and the rude, roughly finished work of a 
few years back. In cemeteries, artgalleries or in cities, where magnificent 
buildings have superseded the old style of architecture, tall, graceful 
columns support the splendid creations of the marble cutters genius. 
" God's Acre, " through brown stone and granite of rare hue, has often 
been renuered beautiful and inviting to the visitor, who would otherwise 
shun localities calculated to engender thoughts sepulchral. Lovers of the 
beautiful, admirers of art, and persons of aesthetic taste or culture, seek 
these cities of the dead to feast their eyes upon the avenues of splendid 
monuments or mausoleums of varied design and surpassing finish. In 
the construction of our homes, marble enters largely, and if in the 
outward finish that material is not used, it is sure to find room in the 
well finished interior, in the way of fnrniture, mantels, fireplaces, or 
statuary. 

The marble yards of Norfolk contain handsome specimens of work 
and every grade of material, from the finest Italian marble to the best 
Virginia granite ; the latter being of acknowledged superiority for base 
or rough work. Here the best and most skilful workmen find steady 
employment at good wages. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 125 

BLS WORSSI 




13 CHAPEL STREET, next to Cor. MAIN ST.. 
NORFOLK, YA. 

MONUMENTS, HEADSTONES AND CEMETERY ENCLOSURES. 

All classes of work executed in the best style and at lowest price.s All 
kinds of Stone Work done. 

MANTELS FURNISHED AT MANUFACTURERS' PRICES. 

Estimates cheerfully given, Designs furnished, and satisfaction guaranteed. 

TOBACCO AND CIGARS. 



M HE pre-eminent position which Virginia holds as a Tobacco raanu- 
^ factoring district, and the world-wide fame which she has acquired 
in the growth and subsequent preparation of the weed, is shared, in a 
great measure, by Norfolk, from the fact that situated so closely to the 
points of production and manufacture, she handles great quantities of it 
and every fibre of her "body commerce" experiences the thrill of 
commercial activity which is occasioned by the extensive business done 
by her merchants in this staple. Nearly all the factories in Virginia 
have their agencies here, and thus located, Norfolk commands an 
immense portion of the trade, and is destined to become the great 
shipping point for foreign markets. The firms here engaged are wealthy 
and are composed of our most enterprising business men, who are ever 
ready to push trade to its extreme limits. Their stocks are large and 
require the investment of nearly four hundred thousand dollars, exclusive 
of retailers, who number about 20, and who alone employ between fifty 
and sixty thousand dollars. 

Recently the manufacture of cigars has. become an industry of no mean 
proportions, where a few years ago three factories supplied this section 
with goods of local manufacture, it now requires eleven. Many of them 
employ women, whose deft fingers are kept going from early morn until 
late at night, in order to keep up with increasing orders. With the 
exception of imported cigars, the Norfolk factories supply our dealers, 
and with the country trade a large and profitable business is done, the 
superior quality of these goods having gained for them great popularity. 

Annual sales of Tobacco and Cigars in Norfolk reach nearly half a 
million of dollars. ..,,;..,: 



126 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 




No. 37 MARKET SQUARE, (Up Stairs,) 
NORFOLK, VA. 



The celebrated EXCELSIOR, TRABUKO, and other choice brands of 
Cigars manufactured to order, and kept on hand. Address, 

L. 11. KILBY, P. O. Box, 487, Norfolk, Va. 



DRY GOODS AND NOTIONS. 



HE Dry Goods and Notion trade of Norfolk is one of the largest 
contributors to its general advancement as a market, and each 
season adds to its importance and strength. This department is in the 
hands of men who are amongst our most highly esteemed and responsible 
citizens, who have been thoroughly educated to their particular calling 
and who have met success through the exercise of mature judgment 
and a life-long experience in the business. Their stocks embrace all 
classes of goods, from the lowest grade of American to the finest English 
fabrics, and their warehouses are classed with the handsomest and most 
capacious in the city. The interest being a large one, it necessitates the 
employment of large capital, aggregating a half million dollars. Capital, 
competition and an intelligent understanding of the business have all 
conspired to render Norfolk a superior point of supply for Southern 
markets, to other and less favored Southern cities. The shrewdest, 
closest buyers have tried other markets without advantage over Norfolk, 
either in prices or terms. Possessed of ample means, our firms have 
never failed to take advantage of a depressed market to fill their stores, 
but with a keen appreciation of the benefits accruing from ideas, in pace 
with the requirements of the day, avail themselves of every decline, and 
in every instance they guarantee to duplicate Northern prices. Taken 
as a class, no other branch of business in Norfolk can boast of represen- 
tatives, whose sense of justice, or ready adaptability to the wants of trade 
are more widely known or appreciated, than this. Their success in the 
past, their able management of some of our most gigantic enterprises 
attest this fact — they win trade and keep it. 

The retail trade here is truly immense and requires a host of salesmen 
and saleswomen to manage it. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 127 

Corprew & Hunter, 

42 and 44 Commerce Street, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 

AND 

NOTIONS, 

THE LARGEST NOTION DEPARTMENT 

IN THE STATE, AND WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF IT. 



Our entire stock is strictly adapted to the wants of 

SOUTHERN MERCHANTS. 

WE GUARANTEE PRICES 

To Duplicate those of other Markets. 



1 2<S NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

THE VERDICT OF THE PEOPLE IS THAT IT 
PAYS TO CALL EARLY AT 



YORK CASH STORE, 

The acknowledged Headquarters for Genuine Bargains in 



BOOTS, SHOES AND CLOTHING, 
ter Specialties in Fhie Jewelry and Silver-Plated Ware. *^a 

161 and 163 Main Street, Norfolk, Va. 



DRUGS, PAINTS AND OILS. 



HILE the Drug, Paint and Oil business of Norfolk cannot be 
classed with the largest, it is, nevertheless, in the hands of men 
who are possessed of broad, comprehensive business ideas, ample means 
and a goodly proportion of public enterprise and individual energy. 
Some of these firms have been in business activity, half a century, and 
after avoiding the many financial troubles which have swept like 
devastating cyclones over the country during that time, are to-day 
standing; monuments to conservatism and business acumen. 

A visit to any of the wholesale establishments of the city will convince 
the most skeptical that the business is being vigorously pushed forward 
to greater proportions and a wider and more active field of operations. 
Its conduct requires an experienced, steady, large and thoroughly compe- 
tent force. The stocks, in some respects pleasing to sight, are extensive, 
and are kept in large, well-arranged warehouses ; indeed a number of 
them will compare with any in the South, and. in point of handsome and 
valuable stores they are superior to those of any Southern city, having 
even twice the population of Norfolk. 

Everything conduces to the opinion that this arm of Norfolk's business 
is on a most substantial and profitable basis. This city is a great 
shipping point for immense quantities of indigeneous roots and herbs, 
possessing chemical properties, and which are gathered in the rural 
districts of Eastern Virginia and North Carolina. Including retail 
stores, there are thirteen in the city, and their consolidated capital is 
reliably estimated at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

The jobbing trade is done principally with Virginia and North 
( arolina, the market affording many advantages over those more remote, 
prices being identical. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



129 



t'W) ^syf' 



BTrirrana 



W 






No. 142 MAIN STREET, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

OFFERS TO THE TRADE 



Chemicals, Paints, Oils, Window-Glass, 

PERFUMERY, PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS, 









M)i 



SPICES, &c, 

And a full stock of everything in the Drug Line. 



BE J .aiiEm list 




OLD RYE WHISKIES, and fine Domestic Liquors of all kinds. 



CHOICE GRADES OF 



Gunpowder, Oolong, Japan, English Breakfast 



AND 



:al TKJkss, 



Druggists, Physicians, and Country Merchants, may rely upon the 
prompt execution of their orders for Goods in quantity, pertaining to 
every branch of the Drug Business. My Stock is as large and complete 
as any in the State, and respectfully solicit your orders for goods or for 
specified quotations. 

JOHN W. BURROW. 



130 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



DEALERS IN 

fen 1ft 1 




Ml 






mm* A. «Sfe C8. A* ajLVTOS. 



AND DEALERS IN PAINTS, OILS AND WINDOW GLASS, 

Atlantic Block, 118 Main St., and 1, 2 and 5 Atlantic St., Norfolk, Va. 



COAL AND WOOD. 



^L N observer cannot fail to be impressed with a favorable opinion of 
<7JV our coal and wood trade by a visit to almost any of the innumer- 
able wharves on the immense water front of Norfolk. 

This coal, brought from the inexhaustible beds of West Virginia, 
Pennsylvania or Maryland, in car load or cargo quantities — shipped to 
order or brought as ballast — is not only for local use, but supplies the 
motive power by which our largest vessels plough the Alantic, Chesapeake 
Bay or the numerous rivers that find their way to the Elizabeth. This 
is a great shipping port for coal to be delivered at points on rivers 
tributary to the Elizabeth River, and the demand is considerably 
augmented by vessels from other ports, putting in here to coal up. 

From along the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad quantities 
of coal are deposited on our water courses to be transported thence by 
barges or sailing vessels, and the rich coal regions of Pennsylvania and 
Maryland contribute in a similar way to the stocks usually found in the 
coal yards of Norfolk. 

At all seasons of the year our wood docks also present a very animated 
appearance, filled as they are with lighters loaded to their utmost capacity 
with wood from Eastern Virginia and Carolina. Around these docks 
congregate draymen and sawyers, ready, like the hack driver or hotel 



ITS rKINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



131 



drummer, to grab you upon the slightest intimation from you that you 
propose patronizing a dealer in their line. 

With few exceptions, a coal yard is also a wood yard, and a great 
many of them are fitted up with machinery for cutting and splitting 
wood any def ired size. Nearly one hundred thousand dollars is invested 
in the coal and wood business, and this amount is kept in active operation 
by an active, enterprising set of men, who have contributed largely to 
the prosperity and present commercial high standing of the city. 



T. J. NOTTINGHAM. 



W. A. WRENN. 



NOTTINGHAM & WRENN, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, DEALERS IN 

ICE, COAI* and WOOD, 

Nottingham & Wrenn's Wharf, Atlantic City, 
And Nos. 6 & 7 Campbell's Wharf, Norfolk, Va. 



■^ /HiH 

^\\\\SS\\ V\W\S\VWN*. ^KKJN* W?wWvW- ^$K$^ 'W^TO^ 

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 



COAL, 

BOSTON WHARF, NORFOLK, VA. 

We make a specialty of STEAMBOAT COAL, and control superior 
facilities for supplying it in quality and quantity. 






McBLAIR & CO.. 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in all kinds of 

t* Stave* ttheitawft* Pmih 



Sin 

AND 



w 



BLACKSMITH COAL, 

Office and Yard, Myers' Wharf, (next to County Ferry), Portsmouth, Va, 

Orders by mail for any quantity filled promptly. Coal delivered to any 
part of Norfolk or Portsmouth at lowest rates. 
Office connected by Telephone. 



132 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

A. A. McOULLOUaH, 

Manufacturer | Dealer in Lumber and Timber, 

ALSO A LARGE STOCK OF COAL OF ALL KINDS, 
Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 

CHINA AND GLASSWARE. 



,F all the articles for ornamentation or practical use, that admit of 
general use, either in social or business life, none figure more 
conspicuously than those coming under the very comprehensive heading 
of Crockery and Glassware; in fact its uses are so varied and its destruc- 
tion so easy and frequent, that its plentifulness and cheapness are matters 
of no little importance to both dealer and consumer. Although the 
manufacture of crockery or glassware is unknown in Norfolk, she claims 
superior facilities, both in her proximity to mammoth establishments of 
this character, and transportation over most inland towns, in handling 
foreign and American goods. With daily lines of steamers and innu- 
merable sailing vessels plying between this and Northern ports, vessels 
of huge dimensions crossing and recrossing the broad Atlantic, making 
this city, Havre and Liverpool their terminal points, dealers here enjoy 
the advantages of exceedingly low rates for transportation, and are enabled 
to import their own goods direct, thus saving for themselves and their 
customers the profits usually made by " middle men. " 

Most of the English and French manufacturers have salaried agents, 
who travel through this country, and from their samples our wholesale 
dealers, whom they solicit only, can make purchases as well as they 
could by a personal visit to the factories. The Crockery and Glassware 
jobbers of Norfolk are liberal, enterprising and progressive men, who 
are fully up to the times in their business views. Their stocks are 
always selected with judgment and a thorough appreciation of values, so 
that their patrons may rest assured that they will be liberally dealt with, 
given the best terms to be had anywhere upon the same grade of goods, 
and in every respect receive the advantages of a good market. If the 
future development of our city will be as rapid as it has been in the last 
few years, we may expect to see the present capital of seventy-five 
thousand dollars, now used in this business, augmented by the establish- 
ment of factories for the production of these wares. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 133 

TRUCK RAISING OR MARKET GARDENING 
AROUND NORFOLK. 



HIS branch of industry, which requires as much and as intelligent 
application on the part of those engaged in it, as any other trade 
or science, had a feeble beginning around Norfolk in the year 1842, and 
it lingered on in its infancy, growing in extent and favor, until about 
1865, when it commenced to assume such gigantic proportions as to 
astonish our people of old school ideas and attract attention from abroad. 
It now forms one of Norfolk's most substantial and prosperous commer- 
cial interests, stepping vigorously from small proportions to represent 
to-day in annual products estimated reliably to be worth over two 
millions of dollars, a careful study of its bearing upon every department 
of trade should not be without interest. The greater part of the annual 
receipts from trucking is distributed through the various avenues of 
commerce, having a common centre here, and while Norfolk, as a city, is 
destined to become great as a Business Centre, she is to-day the Greatest 
Trucking Centre in the world. New Jersey sent the first systematic 
truckers to this section in 1842, in the persons of two gentlemen, named 
respectively, Bates and Hatch, who realized as much as from .$40 to $50 
per barrel for cucumbers, and $15 to $20 per barrel for peas, at their 
first shipment. Other persons followed from New Jersey, and doubtless 
found in gardening around Norfolk an undeveloped mine of great wealth. 

From a communication addressed to us by Col. G. F. B. Leighton, 
President cf the Pomological Society of Norfolk, upon this subject, much 
of the data for this article has been obtained. His admirable letter to 
the Norfolk Virginian, and published in the issue of that journal, Aug. 
oth, 1879, elicited considerable comment from the press throughout the 
country. 

Tomatoes, beans, potatoes, &c, which were in 1842 grown in limited 
quantities, soon became staple products, but not until after 1857, did 
more than about half dozen and in 1868 eleven varieties of vegetables 
leave here for Northern markets, now the list reaches about thirty-eight. 

In those days three steamers, of small capacity, made weekly trips to 
New York, 2,000 barrels being their largest freight load, while the iron 
propellers of to-day comfortably stow away ten or twelve times as many, 
and yet leave enough upon the wharves to load four or five more vessels of 



134 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

the same class. In 1868, 50,000 barrels of Irish potatoes were shipped from 
here, and 280,000 in 1878. Cabbages sold in New York —26,000 having 
been sent from here in 1868 — at 25 cents per head, and the shipments in 
1878 amounted to 175,000 barrels. Strawberries were raised in a small 
way in 1842, but the best and most profitable variety was not introduced 
until 1857, and they sold at that time for $1 and $1.25 per quart. The 
number of acres of ground yearly set aside for the cultivation of this 
delicious fruit can be counted by the hundreds, and in 1878, three 
million two hundred thousand quarts found their way into other 
markets from our truck farms. During the picking season our colored 
citizens flock to the agricultural districts and constitute a formidable 
army. One grower cultivates 150 acres in berries, and on one occasion 
employed in one day 1,500 pickers. Cultivation under glass did not 
meet with much favor here, and in 1845 there were only about 200 
sashes in the whole county. Now, since it is more fully understood and 
its importance demonstrated, one individual has from four to five 
hundred sashes. 

Some idea of the rise in real estate, in consequence of the rapid advance 
in trucking, may be gained from the fact that a farm, which sold in 1842 
for $4,000, a short while afterwards brought $6,000, and in 1855. 
$18,500, having appreciated in value in a few years 50 per cent., and in 
13 years 308J per cent. Two years after the first sale of this property 
there were only two truck farms in Tidewater and they were on what is 
known as the Western Branch, while now, not only is the whole of 
Norfolk county devoted to trucking, but all the contiguous counties for 
miles around. Pomology as well as Horticulture has advanced to the 
dignity of a profession around here, and six, out of the twenty silver 
medals, awarded by the American Pomological Society of the United 
States and Canada were distributed in Princess Anne, Warwick and 
Xorfolk counties. 

The oft expressed opinion that " there is too much truck raised " is 
refuted in the fact that each succeeding year there has been an annual 
increase of at least ten per cent, over the preceding one, and the stability 
of the industry is evidenced by the truth that Northern markets will 
take eight times the quantity of our products without experiencing the 
glut that would" have occurred seven years ago. Another proof of the 
adaptability of this section as the great vegetable supplying centre on the 
Atlantic coast for Northern markets is the constantly increasing tonnage 
required to move our products. A steamer with capacity so large as to 
run unfilled to these markets during the early trucking days, would now 
be a mere skiff in comparison with vessels of the present time. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 135 

It is a mistake to suppose that this business rolls in sudden and incal- 
culable wealth any faster than any other, but all maintain that the 
margin for profits is good and that by practicing industry and frugality, 
with rather a goodly stock of experience, one can earn a comfortable 
competency. 

In comparison of the inducements offered by this and Western sections 
of the country, incomparable, advantages are possessed by Norfolk. 
There lands must be cleared, roads, school houses and churches built — 
here all these things have been done leaving only the work of improve- 
ment adapted to present tastes. A greater part of what is raised there 
must be consumed by transportation charges, often running as high as 
seven-eights of the value of the article, when here one-quarter will cover 
this expense, except when the market is unusually depressed. With 
crushed oyster shells we have finely macadamized roads, and hauling is 
rendered easy and inexpensive. If farm improvements are indicative of 
thrift, we have it fully exemplified in a ride in any direction from the 
cities of Norfolk or Portsmouth. 

What we need now is a subdivision of the lands under cultivation and 
a higher grade of cultivation given, which calls for more working people 
and more capital. Nature points to Norfolk as the balancing pivot of 
Northern and Southern products, and it is safe to assert that she will 
step onward and upward under the influence of a substantial, steady 
spirit of business progression. 



WHOLESALE DEALERS IX 

Fish, Oysters, Game, and all kinds of Country Produce, 

Nos. 4 and 5 Campbell's Wharf, Norfolk, Ta. 

THE BACHRACH PHOTO-ENGRAVING CO. 

[Levy it Bachrach's Process, Patented January 20, 1875.] 

Cor. Eutaw and Lexington Streets, Baltimore, 

Are prepared to execute and furnish estimates for all kinds of Engraving and Fine- 
Photographic Work. It is one of the largest and best fitted Photographic Establish- 
ments in the city, and the work is strictly first-class. 

We make a specialty by our process of re-producing Cuts and Engravings from 
printed works at a cost of from twenty to thirty cts per square inch, an imposibility 
until Photo-Engraving was invented. Prices and particulars sent on application. 
S&" Some of the Illustrations in this Book were executed by us. =^S 

Our Cuts are delivered in hard type metal, ready for the press. 

Parties sending us old pictures to be copied and enlarged in any style possible by 
Photography, can be assured of their safety, and that they will not be cheated by 
travelling canvassers with no responsibility. 



13<> 



NOB FOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



THAYER'S 

LIVERY, SALE AND EXCHANGE 

i A A ifcifi ipili 

® ft «Jp jyp$II^ 



ATLANTIC STREET 

MMaut WwBswm 9 Bmwm* 




HORSES, BUGGIES, CARRIAGES, 

AND 

WA-GON©, 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, FOR HIRE. 



Private Parties, Weddings And Funerals furnished at short notice. 
Horses boarded by Day, Week, or Month, on reasonable terms. 

Carriages furnished at any hour of day or night. A call solicited. 

BAGGAGE WAGON, 

For delivering Trunks, &c, to and from Depots or Steamboats furnished 
upon application. 

TELEPHONE CONNECTION. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



13; 



f^jf^l^ Sill 1 ; ' 

INDEPENDENT IN POLITICS 



'<i3k\4 



THE LARGEST PAPER PUBLISHED IN THIS SECTION! 



Is Delivered by Carriers to all parts of Norfolk, Portsmonth, Berkley, 

Atlantic City and Brambleton. 

Circulates extensively through Eastern North Carolina and Virginia. 



PRICE, POSTAGE PAID, ONE YEAR, $2.00; SIX MONTHS, $1.00 



PUBLISHED AT PORTSMOUTH, VA., 

By the Times Publishing Company. 

^ 

Has a very large and daily increasing circulation, extending through Virginia. 
North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia, 
i The Granger is under the management of the Executive Committee of the 
State Grange, and is edited by Dr. J. M. Blauton, Grand Master of Virginia. 



THE DAILY TIMES. 

PUBLISHED EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR, 

By the Times Publishing Co., Portsmouth, Va. 

AND HAS A LARGER DAILY CIRCULATION IN PORTSMOUTH AND NORFOLK COUNTY 
THAN ANY OTHER DAILY PAPER. 

WM. H. STEWART, Editor. MRS. FANNY DOWNING, Associate. 



THE TIDEWATER TIMES. 

PUBLISHED BY 

The Times Publishing Co., Every MONDAY Morning, 

AT POXtTSSKOOTB. VMk. 



The Tidwater Times is a handsome 28-column weekly, and is a fine advertising 
medium for Virginia and Eastern North Carolina. 



WM. H. STEWART, Editor. 



Mrs. FANNY DOWNING, Associate. 



138 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 




A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF ORIGINAL 
LITERATURE. 



THE SOUTH ATLANTIC is now entering on its 5th volume. It has been a 
rinancial success. Among its contributors are Mr. J. H. Ingram, of London ; Paul H. 
Hayne, Mrs. Margaret J. Preston, John Esten Cooke, Edgar Fawcett, Hons. George 
Davis, Thos. L. Clingman, and others. Paul H. Hayne, Esq., is a regular editorial 
contributor. The Magazine contains 96 pp. fairly proportioned between fiction, criti- 
cism, history, poetry, descriptive sketches and popular science. 

SUBSCRIPTION, ONE YEAR, $3; SINGLE COPY, 30 Cts. 



ADVERTISING TERMS: 

1 page, one year §120 1 page, one insertion $25 

I " ' 75 I- " " 15 

i " " 50 1 " " 10 

\ " " 36 i " " 5 

J^^gf*' Advertisements on cover pages are charged 50 per cent, additional, "^fi 
Persons who order specimen copies must enclose 30 cents. Address, 

MBS. CICERO W. HARRIS, 

WILMINGTON, N. C. 



v-.v^Tv, *wwmw 



rail 




THE CHEAPEST PAPER IN THE SOUTH. 



Published every Afternoon, by J. Richard Lewellen & Co. : 
NORFOLK, VA. 



Independent on all subjects and is specially devoted to the local interests 
ni' Portsmouth and Norfolk, and to the boundless resources of Virginia. 

As a local advertising medium it has no equal in this section, as it i* 
read by all classes of people. 

It gives telegraphic news from our State and National Capitols, with a 
resume of all the general miscellany so important to the interests of 
readable newspapers. 

CASH TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: 

By Mail, postage paid, per annum. ..... $3.50 

City Subscribers, per annum, -.'--- - - 3.00 

Single Copies, - - - - - - - ONE CENT. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



im 





Nos. 77 and 79 Main Street. 



THE DAILY LANDMAEK 

Is uncompiomisingly Conservative, and is devoted to Commercial and General News. No expense is 
spared in securing the latest news from all sections of the country, and it has a corps of able and 
talented correspondents. The selections are carefully chosen, and will be found amusing, bright 
and instructive. 

The Editorial Department under the management of Capt. JAMES BARRON HOPE, will always be 
well worth perusal, and needs no commendation. 

AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM it presents unequalled inducements to the advertising public. 

THE COMMERCIAL REPORTS are prepared with the greatest care, the offices of a number of the 
principal merchants being visited daily — both buyers and sellers — and from them the reports are made 
with accuracy ; and to farmers, merchants, mechanics and all others will be found invaluable. 

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: 

Daily (every day except Monday,) One Year - - - - - .- §5 00 

Six months s . . . . 3 00 

Three months -.---. I 50 

Less periods 50 cents per month. 

Faithfully delivered in Norfolk Portsmonth, Berkley and surrounding villages at 10 cents per week. 
Parties sending clubs of four, cash in advance, will receive a copy, one year, gratis. 



THE WEEKLY LANDMAEK, 

Mailed every Thursday morning, containing the choisest selections, and a summary of the news of 
the week ; also the latest and most carefully revised Market Reports, made from actual transactions, an ( ( 
published in full. 

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION : 

One Copy, one year - - - $100 

One Copy, six months - 75 

Parties furnishing a club of ten, cash in advance, will be mailed a copy for one year free of charge. 



THE JOB DEPARTMENT 

Having seven splendid Presses, some of which are entirely new, as well as the largest and best assort- 
ment of Job Type of any office in the State, is prepared to execute, in the very. best style, all kinds of 
BOOK AND JOB PRINTING, such as Visiting Cards, Business Cards, Professional Cards Show Cards, 
Letter-Heads, Bill Heads, Account Sales, Statements, Bank Notices, Checks, Drafts, Notes, Circulars. 
Drug Labels, Pamphlets, Arguments, Dray Receipts, Bills Lading, Manifests, and in fact, every descrip- 
tion of Railroad, Steamboat and Mercantile Printing, at prices that defy competion. 

BLANK DEEDS printed from forms furnished by an experienced Lawyer, can be had at once, by 
those in want, as we have a large stock always oa hand. 

ALL THE POPULAR STYLES OF TYPE are added to our already large assortment as fast as intro- 
duced to the public by the founders, which enables us to keep abreast of the times and execute work in 
a style that cannot be surpassed anywhere in the State. 

4fcg=Orders from our friends in the country promptly filled and delivered by express or mail. 
Address, 

JAMES BARRON HOPE & CO., 

NORFOLK, VA. 



1^0 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

THE ID-A-IX/ST 




Corner Main and Commerce Streets, 

NORFOLK, VA. 

Subscription, - - - $5 per annum. 



THE DAILY VIRGINIAN is an unrivalled medium through which 
the public of Eastern and Tidewater Virginia and North Carolina may be 
reached. 

Its success has been without a parallel in the history of the Press of Virginia. 

Its circulation exceeds that of any other paper publiseed in Eastern 
Virginia. Its city circulation is greater than that of any other. 

Proof — Bills of Paper, Postage, Receipts and Books of Subscription. 



The Dollar Weekly Virginian. 

THE CHEAPEST AND 

BEST NEWSPAPER IN THE SOUTH. 

Its Summary of the News of each week by Telegraph and Mail will 
be complete. 

Its Market Reports are accurate and compiled with great care. 

Its Agricultural Department will make it of great interest to the 
Farmer and Planter. 

Its Family Reading Matter will render it most acceptable and 
interesting to all. 

Its Political Opinions will be uttered without reserve, and oppression 
from any quarter will be fearlessly resisted on all occasions. 

TO ADVERTISERS: 

We call the especial attention of advertisers to the inducements held out fco 
them through the medium of the WEEKLY VIRGINIAN. Its circula- 
tion is very extensive through Eastern and South-western Virginia, and all 
through Eastern and Central North Carolina, and is IN excess of the 

COMBINED CIRCULATION OF ALL OTHERS IN THIS CITY. 

M. QLENNAN, Proprietor. 



ITS PKINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



141 



VIRGINIAN PRINTING HOUSE! 



BOOK ID JO 




We are prepared to execute with promptness all kinds of 

If WW1PTB IPWIP^I^I IPl^WWffiPTr 

From a Business Card to a Mammoth Poster. 

FINE AND COLOR PRINTING A SPECIALTY. 

BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS OF ANY STYLE 

PRINTED NEATLY, IN ANT STILE LETTER, AT PRICES TO COMPETE WITH 

NORTHERN PUBLISHING HOUSES. 



Hi 



11 



THE 

AND 

VLRG-INIAN BUILDING-, 
Gor. Main and Commerce Streets. 



RULING AND BINDING. 

Those in need of work in this line will do well to obtain figures from THE 
VIRGINIAN BOOK BINDERY before giving orders elsewhere. 

PAPER of any size ruled to any desired pattern. 

BLANK BOOKS, &c, made to order. 

Jg@~The Binding of MUSIC a specialty. 

fi@~OLD BOOKS re-bound in the best possible manner and at reasonable 
rates. 

GILDING promptly and neatly executed. 

M. G-LENNAN", Proprietor. 



142 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

THE 

tUfeU 
<rajw 




IN THE 

ARCADE BUILDING-, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
By JOHN W. H. PORTER. 



THE ENTERPRISE has a large daily circulation in Portsmouth and vicinity. Its 
circulation has increased during the past year, notwithstanding the dull times, thereby 
proving that it has the good opinion of our community. It is a safe and reliable 
Advertising Medium, through which our merchants and business men and others may 
communicate with the public. It will contain the latest news, both foreign and do- 
mestic, by telegraph and otherwise, condensed so as to give the most news in the least 
possible space. Its Market Reports are corrected daily. 

JOB WORK. — We are prepared to supply merchants and business men with Bill 
Heads, Letter Heads, business Cards and other Job work at reasonable prices. 

SUBSCRIPTION RATES : 



DAILY ENTERPRISE, one year 
" " six months 



$5 00 
3 00 



Contracts for advertisements may be made upon favorable terms in the office of the 
Enterprise. The Enterprise is the official organ of the city of Portsmouth. 



Kngraoers, Pesianers, 

ano 

draughtsmen. 




$ook illustrations 

ano Ornamental Pesians 

a specialty. 



706 A.rch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 



WM. H. WHITE 



THEO. S. GARNETT, Jr. 

Late Judge, &c. 

WHITE & GAENETT, 



J 



F I If 



rflfilll M 






ROOMS, 114 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 

Practice in the State and Federal Courts in the Eastern District of Va. 

REFERENCES : 
Exchange National Bank, Norfolk, Va. Burruss, Son & Co., Norfolk, Va. 

Marine Bank, Norf olk, Va. H. B. Clafflin, New York. 

T. R. BORLAND. D- TUCKE R BRO OKE. 

BOR/LAISTD <5c IBIROOIKilE, 
Corner of Main and Bank Streets, Norfolk, Va. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 143 

WATER LINES. 



II N connection with the railway lines of Norfolk, reviewed elsewhere, 
r our harbor is at all times occupied by a fleet of merchant vessels 
that equal those of any port in the United States. In 1830, only four 
steamers ran regularly between Norfolk, Richmond and Baltimore. 
These were the Richmond, Hampton, Pocahontas and Columbus, their 
hulls having been built in Norfolk and their engines imported from 
England. In 1834, the steamers Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson 
ran on the James River line, and the Old Dominion on the Hampton 
route — the last named were built at Norfolk. 

In 1826, Messrs. George Rowland, William Rowland and Richard 
Churchward, built the steam brig New York, to run between New York 
and Norfolk, and this was about the first attempt at coast steam naviga- 
tion made by the citizens of Norfolk. Later a regular line was 
established between this city and Charleston, South Carolina. Thus it 
will be seen that Norfolk was among the pioneers in the adoption of 
steam navigation, and from that time until the present, she has steadily 
improved, until, as we have befure remarked, her fleet of merchant 
vessels are of the very finest character. Prior to the war of 1812, the 
shipping in our harbor is said to have almost created a bridge between 
this city and Portsmouth, which has been superseded by the use of steam. 

Depth of water and other advantages referred to by Commodore 
Maury, on pages 16 and 18, together with splendid wharf accommodations, 
enable the largest vessels to load at any of the spacious wharves that line 
our city's water front. 

Mention is made below of the principal steam lines centering here, but 
the list does not include the many minor ones that navigate the small 
rivers tributary to this port. A complete review of them all would 
require more time and space than can possibly be devoted to this work. 
The railroad map in another part of this book shows very plainly the 
magnificent and wealthy back country for which Norfolk is destined to 
become the great shipping centre. 

THE OLD DOMINION STEAMSHIP COMPANY. 

This is one of the wealthiest and most successful transportation 
companies on the Atlantic coast. Years ago, when the company was first 
organized they owned but one steamer; to-day their vessels are the 



144 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

magnificent "floating cities" that are the pride and boast of our harbor. 
The New York office of the company is at 197 Greenwich street, and in 
Norfolk the steamers land alongside of the Company's magnificent 
wharves on Water street. Thomas H. Webb, Esq., one of Norfolk's 
most thoroughly informed steamboat men is the agent here, and Com- 
modore N. L. McCready, of New York, President of the Company. 
The following vessels belong to the company : 

The Old Dominion, iron side-wheel steamship, for freight and passen- 
gers, 2,222 tons, Walker, master. She has 50 staterooms and can 
accommodate 200 passengers. 

The Wyanoke, iron side-wheel steamship, for freight and passengers, 
2,068 tons, Couch, master, has staterooms and accommodations the 
same as the Old Dominion. 

The Isaac Bell, wooden side-wheel steamship, freight and passengers, 
1,612 tons, Gibbs, master, has 35 staterooms and capacity for 150 
passengers. 

The Kichmond, iron propeller, 1,436 tons, Stevens master, can 
accommodate 135 passengers and has 30 staterooms. 

The new steamship, which has been recently added to the line, and 
which attracted so much attention upon her trial trip, is named the 
Manhattan. She is a handsome iron propeller for freight and passengers, 
1,600 tons burthen, Kelley, master. Seventy passengers can find 
excellent quarters on this vessel. 

The Hatteras is a wooden side-wheel steamship, for freight, 868 tons. 
Mallett, master. 

The Albemarle is also a wooden side-wheel steamship, for freight, 891 
tons, Hulphers, master. 

All of the above named vessels ply regularly between New York, 
Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 

The regularity with which the vessels of the Old Dominion Line 
arrive is unrivalled by the ships of any other line covering an equal 
distance on the ocean. The distance between New York and Norfolk is 
285 nautical miles, average time of trip 25 hours. The accommodations 
on board these steamers compare favorably in every particular with those 
of any European steamships. Their cabins and staterooms are spacious, 
elegantly furnished, well ventilated and equipped with all modern 
conveniences ; the cinsine is equal to that of a first-class hotel, and 
veteran, gentlemanlv officers contribute all that can be desired to make 
the sea trip agreeable and safe. 

The skillful management of the Old Dominion line, in connection with 
the Atlantic Coast Line, Virginia and Tennessee Air Line, Atlantic 



ITS PETNCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 145 

Mississippi & Ohio, Seaboard & Roanoke and Chesapeake & Ohio 
Railways, presents important facilities to the traveling public as well as 
to shippers. Besides the vessels enumerated above, the Old Dominion 
Steamship Company owns a number of very fine passenger and freight 
steamers running up the different waters tributary to the harbor of 
Norfolk. These minor lines are heavy feeders to the parent one, and 
are as follows : 

Steamer N. P. Banks, wooden side- wheel steamer, 338 tons, McCarrick, 
master, runs daily between Norfolk and Old Point, and tri-weekly 
between Norfolk, Cherrystone, Mathews, Yorktown and Gloucester 
Point, in Virginia. 

The Accomack, 434 tons, Schermerhorn, master, runs daily between 
Norfolk, Old Point and Hampton, and four times a week to Smithfield, 
Virginia. 

The Newberne, iron propeller, of 400 tons, Southgate, master ; runs 
between Norfolk, Newberne and Washington, North Carolina, via 
Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. 

The last one is the Pamlico, a wooden propeller, 252 tons, Pritchett, 
master, runs on the same route as the Newberne. 

THE MERCHANTS' AND MINERS' TRANSPORTATION 

COMPANY. 

This old and staunch company owns a fleet of vessels of the most 
superb character. Their regular routes lie between Norfolk, West 
Point, Va., Baltimore, Savannah, Georgia, Boston and Providence. 
General V. D. Groner is the agent and T. B. Jackson, Esq., assistant. 
The wharf and offices of the company are at the Western extremity of 
Main street. The boats of this line are : 

The William Crane, iron propeller, 1,416 tons burthen, F. M. Howes, 
commander. 

The George Appold, wooden propeller, 1,456 tons burthen, W. 
Lei and, Commander. 

The McClellan, a wooden side-wheel steamer, 954 tons burthen, com- 
manded by G. W. Billups. 

William Kennedy, a wooden propeller, 974 tons burthen, H. D. 
Foster, commander. 

The Blackstone, wooden propeller, 1,147 tons burthen, Capt. Jno. C. 
Taylor, commander. 

The William Lawrence, an iron propeller, 1,049 tons burthen, com- 
manded by Jno. S. March, Jr. 

The largest vessel of the line and the finest belonging to this port, is 



146 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

the Decatur H. Miller, a new iron propeller, of 2,296 tons burthen, and 
passenger capacity for 117. The appointments of this vessel are superb 
in every respect and she may consistently be styled " a floating palace. " 

The Saragossa is a wooden freight propeller of 788 tons burthen. 

The Johns Hopkins is an iron propeller, 1,470 tons burthen, Wm. A. 
Hallett, commander. 

The average time made by these vessels between Norfolk and Provi- 
dence is 36 hours, and between Norfolk and Boston, 48 hours. 

By reference to the transportation map the many inland connections 
of this line can be seen — they extend over the entire South and South- 
west. Through bills of lading are issued by this company over the 
" Cunard, " " Warren " and " Ley land " lines via Boston to Liverpool. 

BALTIMORE STEAM PACKET COMPANY. 

The passenger steamers of this company are indeed the "Sound 
steamers " of Chesapeake Bay ; their appointments are of the most 
sumptuous character and their cuisine is in every respect equal to that of 
a first-class city hotel. These steamers are new, and were constructed 
with special reference to speed and comfort. With travelers, this line is 
considered one of the finest trunk lines in the country, and in the Spring 
and Fall seasons it forms the most popular route between Florida and 
the North. Coming South, close connection is made at Norfolk with 
the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad for the South and South-west, and 
going North, at Baltimore with the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Balti- 
more Railroad, for Philadelphia, New York, and points North and 
North-west. The freight steamers also constitute the water portion of 
what is known as the Canton Inside Line. 

This company is in every sense an enterprising one, and no expense 
has been spared by its officers to render their line one of despatch and 
safety. Capt. John M. Robinson is the President, at Baltimore, R. B. 
Cooke, Esq., local agent at Norfolk. The company's passenger and 
freight steamers are as follows : 

Carolina, iron side-wheel passenger steamer, 984 tons burthen, Dawes, 
master; built in 1877, staterooms, 75, passenger capacity, 500. 

Florida, wooden side- wheel passenger steamer, 1,280 tons burthen, 
Whittle, master; built in 1876, staterooms, 75, passenger capacity, 500. 

Virginia, iron side- wheel passenger steamer, 1,300 tons, Hill, master ; 
built 1879, staterooms, 80, passenger capacity, 500. 

Seaboard, iron freight propeller, 662 tons, Cralle, master. 

Roanoke, iron freight propeller, 531 tons, Fisher, master. 

Transit, wooden propeller, 475 tons, North, master. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 147 

THE CANTON INSIDE LINE. 

This is a daily fast freight line, operated by the Philadelphia, Wil- 
mington and Baltimore Railroad, in connection with the steamers of 
the Baltimore Steam Packet Company, between Norfolk, Baltimore, 
Philadelphia and points North, having the same connection here as the 
Baltimore Steam Packet Company. 

CLYDE LINES. ' 

Messrs. W. P. Clyde & Company, 12 South street wharves 
Philadelphia, are the owners of the various lines running out of the 
harbor of Norfolk and known as the Clyde Lines. Captain James W. 
McCarrick, whose office is at the Company's wharves, Water street, is 
the general Southern agent. The following vessels comprise Clyde's 
local fleet : 

The Everman, iron propeller, 696 tons burthen, Carr, master ; from 
Norfolk to Philadelphia. 

The Norfolk, wooden propeller, 500 tons burthen, Tunnell, master; 
Norfolk and Philadelphia. 

The Defiance, wooden propeller, 400 tons, Jones, master ; Norfolk, 
Baltimore, Newberne and Washington, North Carolina. 

The Stout, wooden propeller, 400 tons, Pierce, master; Norfolk i 
Newberne and Baltimore. 

The Tuckahoe, wooden propeller, 200 tons, Brown, master ; Norfolk, 
Newberne and Baltimore. 

The John S. Ide, iron propeller, 200 tons, Cannon, master; Norfolk 
and Washington, North Carolina. 

The Pioneer, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, Piatt, master ; Philadel- 
phia, Richmond and Norfolk. 

During the trucking season these steamers are taxed to their full 
carrying capacity. Messrs. Clyde & Company have at all times heartily 
co-operated with Capt. McCarrick, their agent here, in affording our 
truckers and shippers every facility in the way of rapid transit between 
this and other markets. 

Many of the minor transportation lines through the . State are 
controlled by the Messrs. Clyde, and to them a great deal is due for their 
enterprise in developing Norfolk's trade with interior points. From 
Philadelphia and several Southern seaport cities they have vessels 
engaged in trade with foreign countries. 



148 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

THE INLAND AND SEABOARD COASTING COMPANY. 

The iron side-wheel steamer " Lady of the Lake, " Capt. T. B. 
Travers, leaves the Boston wharf tri-weekly for Georgetown, Alexandria 
and Washington, D. C. This vessel is of 700 tons burthen and can com- 
fortably accommodate 240 passengers. The route is a popular and pros- 
perous one and the passenger traffic in Summer is very large. 

THE FARMERS' AND MERCHANTS' STEAM 
TRANSPORTATION COMPANY. 

The propeller "Keystone," 112 tons burthen, makes weekly 
trips from Taylor's wharf, Norfolk, to all points on the Chowan and 
Maherrin Rivers, via Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, Captain Henry 
Roberts, agent, Taylor's wharf. 

THE DISMAL SWAMP STEAM TRANSPORTATION 
COMPANY 

Owns the propeller " Helen Smith, " 50 tons burthen, running 
tri-weekly through the Dismal Swamp Canal to Elizabeth City, North 
Carolina, Captain Henry Roberts, agent, Taylor's wharf. 

THE ALBEMARLE AND SCUPPERNONG STEAM 
TRANSPORTATION COMPANY. 

The steamer " Mary E. Roberts " is the property of this company. 
She is a propeller of 120 tons burthen, and has stateroom acommodations 
for twenty passengers. Her regular route lies between Hertford, 
Columbia and Spruill's Bridge, North Carolina, and Norfolk. A great 
deal of freight is transported by this company. Agency and wharf the 
same as the Keystone. 

BALTIMORE AND ROANOKE STEAMBOAT COMPANY. 

The steamers of this line are the "Louise," 270 tons burthen, and 
the " Commerce," 212 tons burthen ; both have stateroom accommoda- 
tions for 20 passengers. They run semi-weekly between Baltimore, 
Norfolk and Roanoke River. Agency and wharf sama as the Keystone. 

VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT COMPANY. 

The cozey little iron side-wheel steamer " Ariel, " 700 tons burthen, 
which leaves Norfolk tri-weekly for Richmond and all intermediate 
landings on James river, belongs to this company. 

This line connects Norfolk with the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad for 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 149 

Cincinnati and all points West and North-west, besides constituting one 
of the most interesting and pleasant routes for tourists or health seekers. 
From the saloon every historical point along the banks of the James can 
easily be discerned ; and in season, the line forms an important link 
between this city and the Virginia Springs. Excursion parties have 
found the James River Line a most delightful one, and in summer, almost 
every trip the steamer makes she is attended by an organized party of 

excursionists. 

Captain James W. McCarrick, agent, at Clyde's wharf, Norfolk, and 
L. B. Tarum, Esq., the superintendant at Richmond, will give any 
desired information concerning the company. 

NORTH CAROLINA STEAM LINES. 

The following steamers leave the company's wharf, foot of Commerce 
street, W. Y. Johnson, agent : 

Steamer Harbinger, M. E. Gregg, captain, every Monday and 
Thursday at 6 A. m., for Hertford and Belvidere, North Carolina. 

Steamer Enterprise, C. R. Jones, captain, every Monday, Wednesday 
and Friday at 6 A. M., for Elizabeth City and intermediate points, via the 
Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. 

Steamer Currituck, J. J. Jones, captain, every Thursday evening for 
all ooints on the Cashie River. 



HORTH CAROIiiinril. 

Steam Transportation Company, 

Office, TAYLOR'S WHARF. 



Steamer HELEN SMITH 

Leaves for ELIZABETH CITY and landings on the Dismal Swamp Canal every 
Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 6 A.M. 

Steamer MARY E. ROBERTS 

Leaves for HERTFORD, HOSLER'S WHARF, COLUMBIA, SIMMONS' LAND- 
ING and SPRUILL'S BRIDGE, every Thursday at 2 P.M. 

Steamer KEYSTONE 

Leaves for MURFREESBORO, FRANKLIN and all intermediate landings on the 
Chowan River every Wednesday at 6 A.M. 



Stmrs. LOUISA and COMMERCE 

LTMORE, EDENTON and landings on Roanoke Er 
ir all points received daily until sundown. Lowest 

HENRY ROBERTS, AGENT. 



Leaves for BALTIMORE, EDENTON and landings on Roanoke River, semi-weekly. 
JgQP^Freight for all points received daily until sundown. Lowest rates guaranteed. 



1 50 



NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



I) MHO 




D 





LXRES, 



STEiLIVCSIIIFS 



OLD DOMINION, 
WYANOKE, 

ISAAC BELL, 
MANHATTAN, 




RICHMOND, 

ALBEMARLE.. 

HATTERAS, 



FOB 3STE"V7" YORK. 

One of the magnificent Passenger Steamships of the Line leaves Norfolk 
for New York, regularly every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday. 

Leave New York for Norfolk, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, 

at 3 o'clock, P.M. 

RATES LOW. PASSENGER ACCOMMODATIONS UNSURPASSED. FREIGHT, 
CAPACITY AND FACILITIES UNEQUALLED. 



FOR CHERRYSTONE, MATHEWS, GLOUCESTER AND YORKTOWN. 

Steamer N. P. BANKS, Captain P. McCarrick, leaves Norfolk at 6 A.M. every Monday, Wednesday 
and Friday for CHERRYSTONE, and everv Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday for MATHEWS, 
GLOUCESTER and YORKTOWN, calling each way daily at Old Point going and returning. Freight 
received daily until 6 P. M, That for Mathews, Glouceste'r and Yorktown must be prepaid. 



FOR OLD POINT, HAMPTON AND SMITHFIELD. 

The Steamer ACCOMACK, Captain Schermerhorn. until further notice will leave Norfolk daily 

(except Sundays) for OLD POINT, HAMPTON, and SMITHFIELD 

Returning, leaves Smithfield daily (Except Sundays) at 6 A.M. and Hampton daily (Sundays excepted) 

at 8 A. M. for Norfolk via Old Point. Touches at Portsmouth going and returning. 



SEMI-WEEKLY LINE TO NEWRERNE AND WASHINGTON, N. C. 

The Steamer NEWBERNE leaves Norfolk every Monday at 6 A.M., for NEWBERNE, SOUTH 
CREEK and WASHINGTON, and the Steamer PAMLICO every Thursday at 6 A. M. for MACKLEY'S, 
WASHINGTON and NEWBERNE. Returning, Steamers leave Newberne everv Fridav and Tuesday 
for Norfolk direct. Connects at WASHINGTON with the Company's Steamers COTTON PLANT and 
PITT, for GREENVILLE and and all landings on TAR RIVER, and at NEWBERNE with the Atlan- 
tic and North Carolina R.R., for Beuafort, Kinston, La Grange and other stations. 

4EJ- Freight received daily, forwarded promptly, and lowest rates guaranteed to destination. 



THOS. H. WEBB, Agent, 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 151 

HIT J^T'1F^'1S5*«B 



Regular Line Steamships 



(TBI-WEEKLY) 



DIRECT ^£e N^ LINE 




NORFOLK, RICHMOND, 

CITY POINT, PETERSBURG, 



usk.3\rx> 



PHILADELPHIA, 

Fall River and Providence! 



ALSO BETWEEN 



NEW YORK 



HAVANA, Cuba, HAYTI AND SAN DOMINGO. 
WILMINGTON, N. C, CHARLESTON, S. C. 



THROUGH BILLS LADING AND THROUGH RATES GIVEN. 



WI. P. CLYDE & CO„ General Managers, 
35 Broadway, New York. 12 South Wharves, Philadelphia. 
JAMES W. Mc( ARRICK, Agent at Norfolk and Richmond, Ya. 



152 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



iflAM Mill 

TO 

Boston, Providence, Washington, 

AND 



FALL and WINTER ARRANGEMENT ! 




For BOSTON, The MERCHANTS' & MINERS' TRANSPORTATION COMPANY 

are now running their New and Splendid First-class Freight and Passenger 

Steamships, 
DECATUR H. MILLER, Capt. S. Howes, 

JOHNS HOPKINS, Capt. W. A. Hallett, 

WILLIAM CRANE, Capt. F. M. Howes, 

GEORGE APPOLD, Capt. W. Loveland, 

WILLIAM LAWRENCE, Capt. J. S. March, Jr. 

Leaving the Company's Wharf NOKFOLK, every TUESDAY and FRIDAY, at 3 
o'clock P.M., connecting at BOSTON with CUNARD, WARREN and LEYLAND 
LINES, for LIVERPOOL, and to which point THROUGH BILLS OF LADING 
are issned. 

FOR FROVIDENOS. 

A freight Steamer leaves NORFOLK for PROVIDENCE, every WEDNESDAY 
and SATURDAY at 1 o'clock P.M. 



FOR WASHINGTON, D.C. 

THE ELEGANT IKON STEAMER 

Capt. T. B. TRAYERS, 

LEAVES THE BOSTON STEAMERS' WHARF, 

Every TUESDAY, THURSDAY and SATURDAY, at 4 o'clock P.M. 
FOR WASHINGTON, D. C. 

For further information, apply to 

V. I>. GRONER, Agent. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



15; 



BALTIMOR 




BAY LINE 



FLORIDA, 
CAROLINA, 
VIRGINIA. 







TRANSIT, 
ROANOKE, 
SEABOARD, 
WESTOYER, 



Daily Passenger and Fast Freight Route 

BETWEEN BALTIMORE, OLD POINT, NORFOLK, PORTSMOUTH, AND ALL 
POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST. 

Passenger Steamers leave BALTIMORE daily (except Sundays) from foot of Unior Dock, at 7 P.M. 
and from Canton Wharf at 9 P.M. on arrival of Express Train, which leaves NEW YORK at 4 P.M. 
and PHILADELPHIA at 6 P.M. 

Passengers leave WASHINGTON at 5:30 P. M. connecting with Steamer at Canton Wharf. Connect 
at PORTSMOUTH with Express train, Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, for all points South. 

Going NORTH leave NORFOLK at 4 P.M. PORTSMOUTH, 5:45 P.M. and connects at Canton 
Wharf, BALTIMORE, with Express train for PHILADELPHIA and NEW YORK, reaching Philadel- 
phia at II A.M. and NEW YORK at 2 P.M. BAY LINE also connects at BALTIMORE for WASH- 
INGTON CITY and all points WEST and NORTH-WEST. 

THE BAY LINE DAILY FREIGHT ROUTE 

Connects BALTIMORE via the Virginia and Tennessee Air Line at NORFOLK, with all points in 
South Side and South-Western Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and [Mississippi ; and with the 
Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line at PORTSMOUTH, with all points in North and South 
Carolina, Georgia and all points South and South-West. 

■6®= Freight received and forwarded twice daily, (except Sundays.) 

R. B. COOKE, Agent, Norfolk. 
R. L. POOR, General Freight Agent, Baltimore. 
D. J. HILL, Superintendent, Baltimore. 




DAILY FAST FREIGHT ROUTE BETWEEN 

PHILADELPHIA, NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 



Connecting PHILADELPHIA at NORFOLK with the Virginia and Tennessee Air Line, and at 
PORTSMOUTH with the Seaboard Air Line and Atlantic Coast Line, for all points South and South- 
West, aver which Lines THROUGH BILLS LADING and RATES are issued as low as any other Line, 

To insure dispatch, mark and ship your goods via CANTON INSIDE LINE. Goods received in 
Philadelphia at depots of P. W. & B. R.R. ; in Norfolk and Portsmouth, at wharves of BAY LINE. 

TRUCK is received for Philadelphia on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, 
^®=For particulars enquire of 

JOHN S. WILSON, General Agent, 

5th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 



154 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



NORTH CAROLINA STEAM LINES. 

Steamer HARBINGER, Capt. M. E. CREGG, hereafter will leave the wharf foot 
of Commerce Street, every Monday and Thursday at A.M., for HERTFORD and 
BELVIDERE, N. C. 

Steamer ENTERPRISE, Capt. C. R. JONES, will hereafter leave the wharf at 
the foot of Commerce, Street, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 6 A.M., for 
ELIZABETH CITY, N. C, and intermediate points via Dismal Swamp Canal. 

Steamer CURRITUCK, Capt. J. J. JONES, hereafter will leave the wharf, at foot 
of Commerce St., every Thursday evening for WINDSOR and all points on the Cashie 
River, N. C. 

Freights received daily. For further information apply to 

W . Y. JOHNSON , Agent. 

VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT COMPANY. 




Cheapest and most comfortable route to RICHMOND an d a " points West, viaC. & 0. Railroad* 

43~Beantiful views of historic and war scenery along James River. -1 ©!* 
Steamer leaves CLYDE'S WHARF TRI-WEEKLY, touching at Portsmouth. 

L. B. TATUM, Supt., Richmond. J. W. McCARRICK, Agent, Norfolk. 




TTlSriDIEI*. THIE ATLANTIC HIOTEIi, 

NORFOLK, VA. 

Railroad and Steamboat Tickets to all Points. 

STATEROOMS SECURED AND BAGGAGE CHECKED FROM HOTELS AND RESIDENCES. 

CARRIAGES FURNISHED ON ORDERS. 



119 MAIN STREET, and (JO ROANOKE AVENUE, NORFOLK, VA. 
REMODELED THROUGHOUT. 




■Always mi band ;i select stock of Wines, Liquors and Cigars. Lunch Daily, from 11 to 1. .-.■»- 

L. R. GIBSON, Proprietor. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 155 

the oiiB mmiLmXM.'mmmm i 

Virginiaand Tennessee Air Line 




MST FMEMMT MMM 

PROM 

Boston, Providence, New York, 
Philadelphia and Baltimore, 

AND FROM 

Norfolk, Petersburg, Richmond | Lynchburg, 

TO ALL POINTS 

SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST! 



Through Rates Given, and Quick Time Made. All Claims 
for Losses, Damages or Overcharges promptly adjusted. 



THIS LINE IS COMPOSED OF 

Merchants' & Miners' Transportation Co., from Providence ; Old Dominion Steamship 
Co., from New York ; Phila. Wilmington & Baltimore R.R., and Clyde Line Steamers 
from Philadelphia; Baltimore Steam Packet Co., from Baltimore; Atlantic, Mississippi 
& Ohio R.E.; East Tenn. Va. & Georgia R.R.; Memphis & Charleston R.R.; Nashville, 
Chat. <* St. Louis R.R.; Western & Atlantic R.R.; Selma, Rome & Dalton R.R.; Ala- 
bama Central R.R.; Vicksburg & Meridian R.R.: Mobile & Ohio R.R.; New Orleans, 
St. Louis & Chicago R.E.; and their connections. 

Have Your Goods Marked- V. & T. AIR LINE. 

AGENTS: 

i W. P. c 
I W. M. 

W. T. PAYNE, Agent Claims and Expenses, Norfolk Va. 



C. P. GAITHER, .... 240 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON 

E. H. ROCKWELL, INDIA POINT, PROVIDENCE 

THOMAS PINCKNEY, General Agent, - 303 BROADWAY, NEW YORK 

JOHN S. WILSON, .... 44 S FIFTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA 
W P. CLYDE & CO . - 12 SOUTH WHARVES, PHILADELPHIA 

W. M. LAWSON, - - 157 W BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE 



BEFORE PURCHASING TICKETS ELSEWHERE CALL AT THE 

riCKEl 

(Santos' 33-u.xlci.ixxs;, AXaiu Street.) 

Tickets on sale to all Local Stations. Through Tickets to points West, North-west, 
South. South-west, and Texas Points. Baggage Checked to destination. 



156 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

OIT YOUR TICBBT9 

OVER THE 

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. 

The Shortest and Cheapest Route Westward 

TO 
CINCINNATI, INDIANAPOLIS, 

CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS, 

OMAHA, LOUISVILLE, 

TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, 



AND ALL POINTS ON THE 



Trans- Mississippi States and Territories. 

^^{Q^^^^^~^^^~-^^^-.^^. Th e on ly Route via the 

< ^^^^-ifitg»-i^||^^fe ) liMiKIlii: WHITE SULPHUR 

'^BEWS^ Wash i ngton&R ich mond. 

It has first-class road-bed and superstructure, and all modern improve- 
ments in equipment. It passes through the beautiful and magnificent scenery 
of the Blue Ridge and Alleghany Mountains, and near the most celebrated 
watering places of the Virginias. It has smooth track, light grades and 
gentle curvatures throughout. 

Emigrants, as well as the general traveling public, save in money, and 
gain in comfort and pleasure by taking this route. 

e@~ Tickets on Sale and Baggage Checked 
Through at all Principal Ticket Offices. 

^or special information, concerning rates, time-schedules, &c, &c, 



address 

W. TALBOT WALKE, C. E. YEATMAN, 

Ticket Agent, Norfolk, Va. Agent, Norfolk, Va. 

J. C. DAME, CONWAY R. HOWARD, 

Southern Agent, Richmond, Va. G. P. & T. A. Richmond, Va. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



157 




:, va. 

EXPRESS FREIGHT LINE 




BETWEEN ALL POINTS 



North and South ! 



STEAMSHIPS TO PORTSMOUTH, THENCE IN THROUGH 

CARS VIA RALEIGH, HAMLET, CHARLOTTE, 

ATLANTA, AND ALL POINTS SOUTH 

AND SOUTH-WEST. 

SHIP from the NORTH by the following LINES : 

BOSTON— Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, 
PROVIDENCE— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore S. S. Co., 
NEW YORK— Old Dominion Steamship Company, 
PHILADELPHIA— Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, 

" Clyde Line, 

BALTIMORE— Baltimore Steam Pac et Company. 

For further information apply to the following Agents of the Line : 



AGENTS: 



C. P. GAITHER, - - - 240 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON, 

S. C. WILSON, -271 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 

JOHN S. WILSON, - COR. 5th and CHESTNUT STS., PHILADELPHIA. 
J. R. BLAND. ... -|| GERMAN STREET, BALTIMORE. 

JAS. F. MAUPIN, - GENERAL FORWARDING AGENT, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
O.V.SMITH, - GENERAL TRACE AGENT, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 

F. W. CLARK, General Agent. 



1 58 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



IILII 



D 




IIIIIU 



I 



FORMING PART OF THE 



GREAT SOUTHERN MAIL AND KENNESAW ROUTES, 

SURPASSES ALL OTHERS RUNNING BETWEEN THE 



MM M 

AND THE 

SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST 

In Grandeur of Mountain Scenery, Beauty of Valleys and Streams, Alti- 
tude of Country Traversed, Smoothness and Safety of Track, 
Elegance of Equipment, and all other essentials constituting 

PERFECTION IN RAILWAY TRAVEL ! 

Pullman Sleeping Cars on all Night Trains. Comfortable thorough-fare 
cars on clay trains. Tickets as cheap and time as good as by other routes. 



THE ESPECIAL ATTENTION OF SHIPPERS OF 



o m jl cs o o , 



RESIDING IN 

LYNCHBURG-, DANVILLE, 

FARMVILLE, PETERSBURG, and 

RICHMOND, VA. 

IS CALLED TO OUR LOW RATES 

FOR SHIPPING ALL KINDS OF TOBACCO 

TO TEXAS 

AND ALL OTHER POINTS 

south: & SOUTH-WEST. 

WE SHIP IN WATER-PROOF CARS and give Through Bills of Lading- to 

all points, guaranteeing satisfaction in all cases. Therefore, look 

to your interests, and continue to mark your shipments via 

"VIRGINIA AND TENNESSEE AIR LINE." 

FRANK HUGER, Master of Transportation, Lynchhurg, Va. 

N. M. OSBORNE, Master of Transportation, Petersburg, Va. 

L. S. BROWN, General Traveling Agent, Lynchhurg, Va. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 159 

THE GREAT 




TUN 



Via PORTSMOUTH, VA. 

TO AND FROM 

Boston, Providence, New York, 

PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, NORFOLK, 



AND ALL 



Eastern Cities 



TO ALL POINTS 



South and South- West. 



Observe the following excellent Schedule of Connections : 

BOSTON— Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, 

PROVIDENCE— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamship Company, 
NEW YORK— Old Dominion Steamship Company, 

PHILADELPIA— Canton Inside Line via P. W. & B. R.R., 
BALTIMORE— Baltimore Steam Packet Company. 

For further information apply to the following Agents of the Line : 

J. S. DALEY, H. P. CLARK, 

306 Washington Street, Boston. 229 Broad way,, New York. 

A. W. KILGGRE, W. H. FITZGERALD, 

Cor. Fifth and Chestnut Sts., Phila. 9 German St., Baltimore. 

0. Y, SMITH, General Trace and Forwarding Agent, 

Portsmouth, Ya. 

A. POPE, General Agent. 



160 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Page. 

Agricultural Implements 51 

Albemarle & Scuppernong Steam 

Transportation Co., The '. 148 

American Tobacco in England 8 

Area of Norfolk City 14 

Atlantic Coast Line 28 

Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 

23, 24, 25, 26 

Bakeries Ill 

Baltimore Steam Packet Co 146 

Baltimore & Roanoke Steamboat Co.. .148 

Banks and Bankers 58,59, 60 

Barlow's Landing on Roanoke Island, 

6, 7 

Books and Stationery 115 

Boots and Shoes 102 

Canals •■ 48 

Canton Inside Line 147 

Capes Charles and Henry, Old Point- 
Cape Fear 6 

Comfort and James River, named.... 12 

Carriage and Coach Builders 71, 72 

Chesapeake Bay 16 

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad.... 33 

China and Glassware 132 

Christopher Newport's arrival in 

Chesapeake Bay 11 

Climate of Norfolk 37, 38 

Clothing and Gents' Furnishings, 122,123 

Clyde Lines 147 

Coal and Wood 130,131 

Commission 105, 106,107 

Corn 44 

Cotton 46, 95, 96, 105, 106,107 

Cotton Exchange 49 

Depth of Water, Hampton Roads, New 
York, Boston, Philadelphia, Balti- 
more •■■ 18 

Dismal Swamp Canal 20 

Dismal Swamp Steam Transportation 

Co 148 

Drugs, Paints and Oils 128 

Dry Goods and Notions 126 

Elizabeth River 14 

Exports 46, 96 

Farmer's & Merchants' Steam Trans- 
portation Co., The 148 

Fertilizers 67 

First American of English Parentage, 

"Virginia Dare" 9 

First Mayor and Aldermen of Nor- 
folk R* 

Fish and Oysters 42, 43, 70, 71 

Flour, Feed and Grain 14 



Page. 

Foreign Trade ,...94,95, 96 

Furniture, Carpets and Pianos 78 

Greenville, Sir Richard 6 

Groceries 54, 55 

Hampton Roads 15, 17. 18 

Harbor of Norfolk 17, 18,' 37 

Hardware 113 

Harriott, Thomas 6 

Hats and Caps ...110 

Hotels 73 

Inland Navigation 62, 63, 64, 65 

Inland and Seaboard Coasting Co 148 

Insurance 117,118 

Iron Works ...84, 85 

James River & Kanawha Canal, what 
its completion would do for Nor- 
folk 19 

Jamestown Settlement 11 

Jefferson's Prophecy Fulfilled 48 

Labor .' 40 

Lane, Governor Ralph 7 

" Lord of Roanoke " 8 

Lumber 36 

Marble Yards 124 

Marine Railways 84, 85 

Markets 40 

Marl .■ 31 

Maury, Commodore M. F 15 

Merchants' & Mechanics' Exchange... 49 
Merchants' & Miners' Transportation 

Co 145 

New Era of Manufacturing in Norfolk, 46 

Newspapers 50 

Norfolk Landmark, The 139 

Norfolk Made a "Towne" 12, 13 

" " "Borough" 13 

"City" 14 

Norfolk, New York and the West, 

Geographically 16, 19 

Norfolk and Ocean View Railroad Co., 39 

Nor fo 1 k a s a Port of Entry 44 

Norfolk and San Francisco 16 

North Carolina Steam Lines 149 

Ocean View 39 

Old Dominion Steamship Co... 143 

Old Point Comfort 38 

Ore Mining along the Atlantic, Missis- 
sippi & Ohio Railroad 32, 33 

Original Boundary Lines of Norfolk... 13 

Peanuts '. 30, 75, 76 

Port Charges and Wharf Rents... 48 

Produce Exchange 5(1 

Protection Guaranteed Citizens in 
1680 12 



Index. 



161 



Page. 

Railroads 21 to 36 

Railroad, Steamboat and Machinist 

Supplies 00 

Real Estate :... 119,120 

Sash, Doors and Blinds 93 

Seaboard Air Line 28 

Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad 27 

Seedsmen, Florists and Nursery- 
men 89, 90 

Shipments from Memphis, via Nor- 
folk 24 

Site for " Norfolk To wne " selected... 13 



Page. 

Staves 82, 83, 84 

Stoves and Tinware 99 

Summer Resorts 38,39, 40 

Surf Bathing 39 

Tobacco and Cigars 125 

Trucking 40, 41, 42, 133, 134,135 

Virginia Steamboat Co 148 

Virginia & Tennessee Air Line 26 

Warehouses Established 11 

Water Lines 143 

White, Governor John 8 

Wines and Liquors 121 



INDEX TO' ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Academy and Norfolk Library Asso- 
ciation Building 36 

Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal Lock, 45 

Atlantic Hotel 12 

Bank of Commerce 20, 35 

Bell Telephone Exchange. 32 

Boston Steamship Co.'s Wharf ... 47 

Brickhouse & Co.'s 20 

Burrow's, John W 38 

Burruss, Son & Co.'s 35 

Cherry, D. S. & Co.'s 24 

Citizen's Bank 32 

City Hall 6 

Commerce Street, (Water to Main 

streets) 20 

Corprew & Hunter's 20 

Custom House and Post Office 15 

Davis, M. L. T. & Co.'s 17 

Fastham, Powell & Co.'s 20 

Exchange National Bank, The 27, 35 

Eire Department and Board of Water 

Commissioner's Building 25 

Grandy, C. W. & Sons' inset 

Gresham, S. S. & Son's 39 

Harbor, Rooking out) ... 7 

" ( '' towards Navy Yard).. 14 

Hospital St. Vincent De Paul 29 

Hygeia Hotel, ( Old Point ) 8 

Jordan's C. T. & L. W 32 

Liverpool Steamers Wharf 47 

Loughran's, J. B 43 

Main Street, (Atlantic to Commerce).. 35 
" " (Bank to Atlantic streets) 32 

" " ( " " Church ") 32 

(West from Church") 10 



Page. 

Mapp& Co.'s 22 

Market Square, (looking from Bank 

street) 28 

Naval (U.S.) Hospital 40 

Norfolk Virginian, (Newspaper) 21 

Old Dominion Lace Factory 30 

Power, James & Co.'s 87 

Providence Steamers' Wharf 47 

Public Ledger, (Newspaper) 32 

Purcell House 37 

Quimby Market 18 

Reid, James & Co.'s 23 

Santos', M. A. & C. A 35 

St. Mary's (Catholic) Church 11 

St. Paul's (Episcopal) Church, erected 

in 1739 9 

Stevens, S. A. & Co.'s 13 

Thayer's Livery Stable 42 

Upshur's Guano Factory, Portsmouth, 19 

Virginia Iron Works 16 

Washington Steamer's 'Wharf. 47 

Water street (East from Commerce).. 17 

Water Front, (Section of) 47 

Water Street, (West from Roanoke 

Avenue) 39 

Weller & Co.'s 41 

White, S. E. & Bro.'s 39 

Williams, T. A. Co.'s 31 

Wrenn, A. & Son's 25 

[Note. — Read 24 and 26 Union street, 
instead of Water.] 
Wrenn, Whitehurst & Co.'s 33 

[Note. — Read 28 and 30 Union street, 
instead of Water.] 



1(32 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Page. 
Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal Co... 66 

Allen, W. F. & Co 55 

Atlantic Coast Line 159 

Atlantic Hotel 73 

Atlantic, Mississippi & OhioBailroad,158 
Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad 

Ticket Office 155 

Bachrach Photo-Engraving Co., The..l35 
Baltimore Steam Packet Co., (Bay 

Line).. 153 

Bank of Commerce 61 

Bell's New York Cash Store 128 

Biggs, Kader & Co 110 

Billups, C 52 

Borland & Brooke 142 

Boston, Providence & Washington 

Lines 152 

Briekhouse, S. N 102 

Burrow, John W 129 

Burruss, Son & Co 60 

Butt, James M 92 

Citizens' Bank 61 

Canton Inside Line 153 

Chapel Street Market, W. H. Davis, 

Proprietor .....103 

Cherry, D. S. & Co 100 

Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 156 

Corley, James L 118 

Corprew & Hunter 127 

Club House 122 

Clyde Lines 151 

Dalziel & Markley ...142 

Davis, M. L. T. & Co 57 

Dobie & Cooke 109 

Eastham, Powell & Co 56 

Elizabeth Iron Works, T. W. Pett.it, 

Proprietor 88 

Evans & Burwell 115 

Fxcelsior Cigar Factory, L. R. Kilby, 

Proprietor 126 

Exchange National Bank, The 60 

Farmers' Bank 61 

Francis & Bro 110 

Carnage, .1. 93 

Coodridge, Field & Co 115 

Graves, Win. A. 88 

Gresham, S. S. & Son 109 

Grandy, C. W. & Sons inset 

Hall, A. E. "'. Co 82 

Hall, John P 125 

Hi dreth, George H 81 

Home Savings Bank, The 61 

Howard & Bro 135 

Humphreys, David 119 

Hygeia Hotel. (Old Point, Virginia)... 74 
Jordan, C. T. & L. W 123 



Page. 

Klepper, Joseph 122 

Lamb, Wm. & Co 98 

Leigh Bros. & Phelps 120 

Loughran, J. B 80 

Lipscomb, Charles W 82 

Liverpool, Memphis & Norfolk Steam- 
ship Line 97 

Luther's Saloon 154 

Mapp & Co 101 

McBlair & Co 131 

McCullough, A. A -..132 

Myers & Co 99 

Norfolk Sunday Gazette, The 137 

" Iron Works, Geo. W. Duval, 

Proprietor 89 

Norfolk Landmark, The ....139 

" Steam Bakery, James Reid & 

Co., Proprietors 112 

Norfolk Virginian, The 140 

North Carolina Steam Transportation 

Co. 149 

North Carolina Steam Lines 154 

Nottingham & Wrenn 131 

Old Atlantic Foundry, W. A. Ander- 
son, Proprietor 88 

Old Dominion Steamship Co 150 

Pearce, Allen & Borum 110 

Perry, J. W 109 

Peters & Reed 84 

Portner's Tivoli Beer 122 

Portsmouth Daily Times, The 137 

Enterprise, The 142 

Power, James & Co 87 

Public Ledger, The 138 

Purcell House 75 

Quimby Market, E. M. Quimby, Pro- 
prietor 104 

Rawlins, Whitehurst & Co... 62 

Reid, Charles & Son 68 

Reynolds Bros 97 

Rowland Bros 55 

Salomonsky & Co 124 

Santos, M. A. & C. A 130 

Seaboard Air Line 157 

Seaboard Insurance Co.., 118 

Seldner, S. W 121 

Sheldon, Luther (inside front cover) 

South Atlantic Magazine The, Wil- 
mington, North Carolina 138 

Stevens, S. A. & Co 79 

Stevens, Wm Ill 

Tait. George 90 

Taylor, Elliott & Watters IB'. 

Taylor, George W. & Co 131 

Taylor, Washington & Co 58 

Thayer's Stables 136 



Index. 



163 



Page. 

Tidewater Times, The 137 

Tredwell, Mallory & King 108 

Upshur, C. L 69 

Vaughan, A. M. & Son 119 

Vermillion, John 121 

Virginia Granger, The 137 

Iron Works The, T. W. Godwin 

& Co., Proprietors 86 

Virginian Printing House 141 

Virginia Steamboat Co 154 

" & Tennessee Air Line 155 

Walke &Son 119 

Walke's. Railroad and Steamboat 



Page. 

Ticket Office : 154 

Walke & Williams 130 

Weller & Co 77 

White, E. V. & Co 91 

White & Garnett 142 

White, S. R. & Bro 53 

Whitehead, Son & Co 103 

Whitehurst, C. W. & Co 103 

Williams, T. A. & Co 58 

Windsor, C. Hall 116 

Woodis, H. R 121 

Wrenn, A. & Son 72 

Wrenn, Whitehurst & Co 54 




VITH THEIR PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS. 

: ii[i;--i.v lull 

C^IE^Y "W". JONES. 



Eogr„«i «"> MiW b, Rwd, i«IW; 4 Co.. 77 Jn <79Midli. .Sl.,Chlcogo. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




014 442 068 8 % 



